Thursday is the day of the week between Wednesday and Friday. According to the ISO 8601 international standard, it is the fourth day of the week. In countries which adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the fifth day of the week.[1]
Painting depicting the Norse god Thunor (the Norse Thor), after whom Thursday is named, by Mårten Eskil Winge, 1872
The name is derived from Old Englishþunresdæg and Middle EnglishThuresday (with loss of -n-, first in northern dialects, from influence of Old NorseÞórsdagr) meaning "Thor's Day". It was named after the Norse god Thor.[2][3][4]Thunor, Donar (German, Donnerstag) and Thor are derived from the name of the Germanic god of thunder, Thunraz, equivalent to Jupiter in the interpretatio romana.
In most Romance languages, the day is named after the Roman god Jupiter, who was the god of sky and thunder. In Latin, the day was known as Iovis Dies, "Jupiter's Day". In Latin, the genitive or possessive case of Jupiter was Iovis/Jovis and thus in most Romance languages it became the word for Thursday: Italiangiovedì, Spanishjueves, Frenchjeudi, Sardinian jòvia, Catalandijous, Galicianxoves and Romanianjoi. This is also reflected in the p-CelticWelshdydd Iau.
Since the Roman god Jupiter was identified with Thunor (Norse Thor in northern Europe), most Germanic languages name the day after this god: Torsdag in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, Hósdagur/Tórsdagur in Faroese, Donnerstag in German or Donderdag in Dutch. Finnish and Northern Sami, both non-Germanic (Uralic) languages, uses the borrowing "Torstai" and "Duorastat". In the extinct Polabian Slavic language, it was perundan, Perun being the Slavic equivalent of Thor.[5]
Vishnu's/Buddha's/Dattatrey's Day
There are a number of modern names imitating the naming of Thursday after an equivalent of "Jupiter" in local tradition.
In most of the languages of India, the word for Thursday is Guruvāra – vāra meaning day and Guru being the style for Bṛhaspati, guru to the gods and regent of the planet Jupiter. This day marks the worship of Lord Vishnu/Lord Buddha and Lord Dattatreya in Hinduism. In Sanskrit language, the day is called Bṛhaspativāsaram (day of Bṛhaspati). In Nepali language, the day is called Bihivāra as derived from the Sanskrit word same like in Hindi vara means day and Bihivāra meaning Bṛhaspati. In Thai, the word is Wan Pharuehatsabodi, also in Old Javanese as Respati or in Balinese as Wraspati – referring to the Hindu deity Bṛhaspati, also associated with Jupiter.
En was an old Illyrian deity and in his honor in the Albanian language Thursday is called "Enjte".[6]
In the Nahuatl language, Thursday is Tezcatlipotōnal (Nahuatl pronunciation:[teskat͡ɬipoˈtoːnaɬ]) meaning "day of Tezcatlipoca".
In Japanese, the day is 木曜日 (木 represents Jupiter, 木星), following East Asian tradition.
Greek uses a number for this day: Πέμπτη Pémpti "fifth," as does Portuguese: quinta-feira "fifth day," Hebrew: יום חמישי (Yom Khamishi – day fifth) often written 'יום ה ("Yom Hey" – 5th letter Hey day), and Arabic: يوم الخميس ("Yaum al-Khamīs" – fifth day). Rooted from Arabic, the Indonesian word for Thursday is "Kamis", similarly "Khamis" in Malaysian and "Kemis" in Javanese.
In Catholicliturgy, Thursday is referred to in Latin as feria quinta. Portuguese, unlike other Romance languages, uses the word quinta-feira, meaning "fifth day of liturgical celebration", that comes from the Latin feria quinta used in religious texts where it was not allowed to consecrate days to pagan gods.
Icelandic also uses the term fifth day (Fimmtudagur).
In the Persian language, Thursday is referred to as panj-shanbeh, meaning 5th day of the week.
Vietnamese refers to Thursday as Thứ năm (literally means "day five").
Quakers traditionally referred to Thursday as "Fifth Day" eschewing the pagan origin of the English name "Thursday".[7]
Cultural and religious practices
Christian holidays
In the Christian tradition, Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday is the Thursday before Easter — the day on which the Last Supper occurred. Also known as Sheer Thursday in the United Kingdom, it is traditionally a day of cleaning and giving out Maundy money there. Holy Thursday is part of Holy Week.
In Hinduism, Thursday is associated with the NavagrahaBrihaspati, whom devotees of this graha will fast pray and fast on Thursdays. The day is dedicated to the deity Vishnu or his avatars, such as Rama, Parshurama, Narasimha, and Buddha. However, Wednesday is dedicated to his avatars of Krishna and Vithoba. Devotees usually fast on this day in honor of Vishnu and his avatars, especially Vaishnava Hindus.[8][9]
Islam
In Islam, Thursdays are one of the days in a week in which Muslims are encouraged to do voluntary fasting, the other being Mondays.[10]
Judaism
In Judaism, Thursdays are considered auspicious days for fasting. The Didache warned early Christians not to fast on Thursdays to avoid Judaizing, and suggested Fridays instead.
In Judaism the Torah is read in public on Thursday mornings, and special penitential prayers are said on Thursday, unless there is a special occasion for happiness which cancels them.
Formal Druze worship is confined to weekly meeting on Thursday evenings, during which all members of community gather together to discuss local issues before those not initiated into the secrets of the faith (the juhhāl, or the ignorant) are dismissed, and those who are "uqqāl" or "enlightened" (those few initiated in the Druze holy books) remain to read and study their holy scriptures.[11]
In Indonesia,[14] and Malaysia,[15] in a week, batik clothing is usually worn on Thursday, especially at education and civil servant institutions.
For Thai Buddhist, Thursday is considered the "Teacher's Day", and it is believed that one should begin one's education on this auspicious day. Thai students still pay homages to their teachers in specific ceremony always held on a selected Thursday. And graduation day in Thai universities, which can vary depending on each university, almost always will be held on a Thursday.
In the United States, Thanksgiving Day is an annual festival celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November.
Conventional weekly events
In Australia, most cinema movies premieres are held on Thursdays. Also, most Australians are paid on a Thursday, either weekly or fortnightly. Shopping malls see this as an opportunity to open longer than usual, generally until 9 pm, as most pay cheques are cleared by Thursday morning.
In Norway, Thursday has also traditionally been the day when most shops and malls are open later than on the other weekdays, although the majority of shopping malls now are open until 8 pm or 9 pm every weekday.
In the USSR of the 1970s and 1980s Thursday was the "Fish Day" (Russian: Рыбный день, Rybny den), when the nation's foodservice establishments were supposed to serve fish (rather than meat) dishes.[16]
For college and university students, Thursday is sometimes referred to as the new Friday. There are often fewer or sometimes no classes on Fridays and more opportunities to hold parties on Thursday night and sleep in on Friday. As a consequence, some call Thursday "thirstday" or "thirsty Thursday".[17]
Elections in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, all general elections since 1935 have been held on a Thursday, and this has become a tradition, although not a requirement of the law — which merely states that an election may be held on any day "except Saturdays, Sundays, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Good Friday, bank holidays in any part of the United Kingdom and any day appointed for public thanksgiving and mourning".[18]
Additionally, local elections are usually held on the first Thursday in May.[citation needed][19]
The Electoral Administration Act 2006 removed Maundy Thursday as an excluded day on the electoral timetable, therefore an election can now be held on Maundy Thursday; prior to this elections were sometimes scheduled on the Tuesday before as an alternative.
The titular day in Sweet Thursday (1954) (the sequel to John Steinbeck's novel Cannery Row (1945)), the author explains, is the day after Lousy Wednesday and the day before Waiting Friday.
In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, the character Arthur Dent says: "This must be Thursday. I never could get the hang of Thursdays". A few minutes later the planet Earth is destroyed. In another Douglas Adams book, The Long Dark Tea-time of the Soul (1988), one of the characters says to the character Thor, after whom the day was named: "I'm not used to spending the evening with someone who's got a whole day named after them".
According to Nostradamus' prediction (Century 1, Quatrain 50), a powerful (but otherwise unidentified) leader who will threaten "the East" will be born of three water signs and takes Thursday as his feast day.[22]
Cinema
Thursday (1998 film) is a movie starring Thomas Jane, about the day of a drug dealer gone straight, who gets pulled back into his old lifestyle.
Thursday Afternoon is a 1985 album by the British ambient musician Brian Eno consisting of one 60-minute-long composition. It is the rearranged soundtrack to a video production of the same title made in 1984.
^Lurker, Manfred. The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. p.57
^"Guide to Quaker Calendar Names". Iowa Yearly Meeting (Conservative) Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Retrieved 30 March 2017. In the 20th Century, many Friends began accepting use of the common date names, feeling that any pagan meaning has been forgotten. The numerical names continue to be used, however, in many documents and more formal situations."
Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ».
Le jeudi est le quatrième jour de la semaine civile dans plusieurs pays. Il est le cinquième de la semaine chrétienne, de la semaine juive et de la semaine musulmane. Il succède à mercredi et précède vendredi.
La norme ISO code le jeudi par le chiffre 4. Une norme récente ISO 8601 désigne le jeudi comme le milieu de la semaine. Les jeudis d'une année déterminent la numérotation des semaines : la semaine 1 est la première contenant un jeudi.
Jeudi noir du : la Rafle du Vel d'Hiv durant laquelle la Police Française a livré 15 000 juifs aux autorités allemandes.
Jeudi noir du 26 : crise politico-sociale survenue en Tunisie.
Divers
En France, jusqu'en 1972, les élèves de primaire n'allaient pas à l'école le jeudi ; le jeudi est remplacé par le mercredi de 1972 à 2014, puis par le samedi à partir de 2014.
En France, les élèves du collège et du lycée n'allaient pas en classe le jeudi jusqu'en 1969, de 1969 à 1972 les élèves vont à l'école le jeudi matin (en remplacement du samedi), le jeudi matin est aujourd'hui remplacé par le mercredi matin depuis 1972, ce jour-là étant peu travaillé dans l'emploi du temps (les heures de cours y dépassant rarement une demi-journée).
Cette section est franco-centrée et doit être internationalisée (décembre 2016).
« La semaine des quatre jeudis » est une expression familière désignant une semaine idéale mais imaginaire, existant depuis le XVe siècle, bien que ce fût d'abord "la semaine des deux jeudis" : il est probable qu'à cette époque mercredi était encore un jour maigre (sans petit déjeuner, ni viande, ni œufs ni laitages) comme c'est encore le cas chez les chrétiens orientaux. Jeudi étant donc un jour gras entre deux jours maigres, on pouvait rêver d'un deuxième jeudi pour avoir plus de temps pour se refaire avant le jeûne du vendredi (d'autant que samedi était devenu un jour maigre dans le monde latin). On exagéra au XVIe avec trois jeudis (cf. Pantagruel, chap. 1) et au XIXe avec quatre. Puis les enfants s’approprièrent cette expression quand le jeudi devint leur jour de repos scolaire (de 1945 à 1972), pour parler d’une semaine idéale mais imaginaire où l’on ne travaillerait que 2 jours (4 jeudis + 1 dimanche pour se reposer). Effectivement jusqu’en 1972, dans la scolarité française, le jeudi était jour de congé tandis que le mercredi était travaillé : l’abandon progressif du samedi après-midi comme période de travail amena à rééquilibrer la semaine en basculant le repos du jeudi au mercredi en (arrêté du ). Avec quatre jeudis (non travaillés) et un dimanche, il ne resterait que deux jours d'école. Le repos hebdomadaire est depuis passé au mercredi mais l'expression est restée inchangée. Elle est généralement employée pour désigner un évènement qui n'aura jamais lieu. Par exemple :
- Ça y est ! On va pouvoir se payer des vacances.
- Chouette, quand cela ?
- La semaine des quatre jeudis !
En 1971, Patrick Topaloff enregistre sa chanson La Semaine des quatre jeudis ; malheureusement, cette chanson ne connaîtra qu'un succès éphémère, puisque l'année suivante, le jour de congé hebdomadaire devient le mercredi.
En Belgique, au Canada (notamment au Québec et Nouveau-Brunswick), l'expression d'une « semaine des quatre jeudis » désigne aussi un temps qui n'arrivera jamais, mais elle touche plus particulièrement les travailleurs, car c'est normalement le jeudi que la paie des travailleurs leur est versée ou déposée. Le jeudi n'a jamais représenté une journée de repos pour les écoliers, la semaine scolaire étant basée principalement sur le lundi-vendredi en gardant les samedi et dimanche comme jours de repos (même si, en Belgique, les écoles ont fonctionné le samedi matin jusqu'en 1974).
En France, le jeudi soir est, pour de nombreux étudiants, le moment de la semaine propice aux sorties et aux soirées étudiantes, et reste associé aux excès et débordements qui leur sont associés (voir binge drinking). Le choix de ce jour s'explique, en province notamment, par l'importance des internats. Certains étudiants étant contraints de rentrer chez leurs parents le vendredi soir, le dernier jour de la semaine restant est le jeudi.
Thor ressemblait tellement à Jupiter, que quand les scandinaves ont adopté le calendrier romain, ils lui ont assigné le quatrième jour de la semaine, jeudi (jour de Jupiter), à "Torsdag" (jour de Thor) en suédois. Torsdag ressemble beaucoup à Thursday (jeudi) en anglais.
Jeudi est aussi un jour culte au Maroc, d'où son appellation par The jeudi. Ce jour symbolise les promesses à tenir où il est normal d'inviter une personne à déjeuner.
Collectif Jeudi Noir : collectif français créé en 2006 pour dénoncer la flambée des prix des loyers et accélérer l'explosion de la bulle immobilière.
L'expression « Jeudi prochain » désigne le prochain jeudi à venir (le jeudi de cette semaine si nous sommes le lundi, mais le jeudi de la semaine suivante si nous sommes le vendredi) ou bien comme l'expression « Jeudi en huit » désigne le jeudi de la semaine suivante[5],[6],[7].
La religion yézidie considère que Dieu a créé l'angeJibra'il le cinquième jour de la semaine, soit un jeudi[8].
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) is sometimes used to represent Thursday.
