Friday

Venus en el baño, óleo de John William Godward, 1901.

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El viernes es el quinto día de la semana según el calendario gregoriano (siendo el primero el lunes), y sexto para las culturas que consideran el domingo el primer día de la semana. El nombre de «viernes» proviene del latín Veneris dies; 'día de Venus', en honor a la diosa de la belleza y el amor en la mitología romana. Está situado entre el jueves y el sábado.​​

En la mayoría de los países occidentales, el viernes es el quinto y último día de la semana laboral. En otros países, el viernes es el primer día del fin de semana y el sábado el segundo.

En Israel, el viernes es el sexto día de la semana. En Irán, el viernes es el último día del fin de semana, siendo el sábado el primer día de la semana laboral. Baréin, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos (EAU), Arabia Saudí y Kuwait también siguieron esta convención hasta que cambiaron al fin de semana de viernes a sábado el 1 de septiembre de 2006, en Baréin y los EAU,​ y un año después en Kuwait.​ Los EAU cambiaron su fin de semana de viernes-sábado a sábado-domingo el 1 de enero de 2022.​

Etimología

Estos son algunos de los nombres que recibe el viernes en distintos idiomas:

Idioma	Nombre	Etimología
español latín catalán francés italiano veneto gallego rumano asturiano leonés tagalo	viernes dies Veneris divendres vendredi venerdì vènare / vendre venres vineri vienres vienres Biyernes	día de Venus
alemán sueco noruego neerlandés inglés finés	Freitag Fredag Fredag vrijdag Friday perjantai	día de Frigg​
quechua	ch'askachaw	día del lucero del alba: Venus
japonés coreano	金曜日 (kinyōbi) 금요일 (geumyoil)	día del oro
euskera	ostirala, barikua	helecho o campo de Urtzi
hebreo portugués gallego latín eclesiástico	יום ששי (Yom Shishi) sexta-feira sexta feira feria sexta	sexto día
árabe persa turco	الجمعة (al-ŷum`a) جمعه (ŷom'e) cuma	día de la reunión
griego	Παρασκευή (paraskeué)/(paraskeví)	día de la preparación
ruso esloveno checo ucraniano polaco chino	Пятница (pyatnitsa) petek patek П'ятниця (piátnytsya) piątek 星期五 (xīng qī wǔ)	quinto día de la semana
náhuatl	quetzalcōātōnal	día de Quetzalcóatl

Costumbres y creencias

El viernes se considera día de mala suerte en algunas culturas. Esto es particularmente así en los círculos marítimos; quizás la superstición más duradera de la navegación es que da mala suerte comenzar un viaje en viernes.​​ En el siglo XIX, el almirante William Henry Smyth describió a Viernes en su léxico náutico The Sailor's Word-Book como

El Dies Infaustus, en el que los viejos marineros estaban deseosos de no ser pesados, por ser de mal agüero.​

(Dies Infaustus significa "día de mala suerte".​) Esta superstición es la raíz de la conocida leyenda urbana del HMS Friday.

En los tiempos modernos, el viernes 13 se considera especialmente desafortunado, debido a la conjunción del viernes con el número de la mala suerte trece. Este tipo de viernes puede denominarse "viernes negro".

Sin embargo, esta superstición no es universal, sobre todo en la cultura gaélica escocesa:

Aunque el viernes siempre se ha considerado un día de mala suerte en muchos países cristianos, todavía en las Hébridas se supone que es un día de suerte para sembrar la semilla. El Viernes Santo, en particular, es uno de los días favoritos para la siembra de patatas; incluso los católicos romanos estrictos plantan un cubo ese día. Probablemente la idea es que, al igual que la Resurrección siguió a la Crucifixión y al entierro, también en el caso de la semilla, y después de la muerte vendrá la vida...​

En la liturgia

El viernes es un día especial para varias religiones.

• El viernes es el día de preparación del sabbat para los judíos, una fiesta que comienza la noche anterior al sábado.
• Los cristianos dedican este día a la penitencia y a la oración, en recuerdo de la pasión de Jesucristo. El ayuno era antiguamente de rigor en todo Oriente, excepto en la Iglesia de Constantinopla, y en parte de Occidente. En muchas de las provincias del Imperio de Oriente no había pleitesía en ese día; y aunque la Iglesia romana nunca tuvo la intención de convertirlo en fiesta, eran pocos los viernes a lo largo del año que no tenían su oficio, es decir, la misa o al menos su evangelio.

Hoy en día, la Iglesia no exige penitencia, pero la Tradición requiere que los católicos hagan al menos abstinencia y oración -es decir, no comer carne y rezar al menos una vez (normalmente a las 15:00 horas)- en este día. Viernes Santo, es el día de la Semana Santa en el que se conmemora la Pasión y crucifixión de Jesús. Los griegos y los latinos tenían este día libre en muchos lugares, aunque libremente y por devoción. A mediados del siglo XVI se redujo a un medio día de fiesta, que terminaba a mediodía, después del servicio religioso. Sin embargo, sigue siendo festivo en Alsacia y Mosela en virtud de una ordenanza del 16 de agosto de 1892​.

• Se dice que el viernes es al-jumu'a o jum'a en árabe, término que también denota la semana, y es probable que el viernes musulmán tenga una conexión con Venus y Júpiter en un esfuerzo por ser fiel a las tradiciones preislámicas: Venus está representado en la Kaaba por la Piedra Negra y fue especialmente bajo el signo de Júpiter que la ley del Islam​. El sustantivo jumu'a significa "día de reunión" o "asamblea". Es un día sagrado y festivo para el islam,​ el de la oración colectiva. Para distinguirse de los otros dos monoteísmos abrahámicos, los musulmanes optan por el viernes como día sagrado. Otra explicación, más teológica, es que el día sagrado musulmán corresponde al día en que el hombre y la mujer (Adán y Eva) aparecen en el relato del Génesis, siendo el sexto día el domingo, y el sábado, sabbat, el séptimo. Algunos musulmanes también practican el descanso semanal del viernes, que no es una prescripción coránica.
• Viernes es el nombre de un santo del sureste de Europa​ asociada al nombre Paraskeva: Santa Paraskeva-Vendredi. En Veliki Nóvgorod, en Rusia, hay una iglesia dedicada a ella: la Iglesia de Santa Paraskeva-Vendredi-en-el-Mercado.

Otros datos

• Según una antigua costumbre de la Iglesia católica, este día está dedicado a venerar la pasión de Jesucristo.​
• Actualmente se toma el día viernes como el inicio del fin de semana, por lo cual se emplea como día de festejo, especialmente luego del atardecer.

Véase también

• Todas las páginas que comienzan por «Viernes».

Enlaces externos

• Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Viernes.
• Wikcionario tiene definiciones y otra información sobre viernes.

• Datos: Q130
• Multimedia: Friday / Q130
• Citas célebres: Viernes

For other uses, see Friday (disambiguation).

Friday is the day of the week between Thursday and Saturday. In countries that adopt the traditional "Sunday-first" convention, it is the sixth day of the week. In countries adopting the ISO 8601-defined "Monday-first" convention, it is the fifth day of the week.

Venus by Francois Boucher

In most Western countries, Friday is the fifth and final day of the working week. In some other countries, Friday is the first day of the weekend, with Saturday the second. In Iran, Friday is the last day of the weekend, with Saturday as the first day of the working week. Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia and Kuwait also followed this convention until they changed to a Friday–Saturday weekend on September 1, 2006, in Bahrain and the UAE, and a year later in Kuwait.

Etymology

Frigg spinning the clouds, by John Charles Dollman

In the seven-day week introduced in the Roman Empire in the first century CE, the days were named after the classical planets of Hellenistic astrology (the Sun, the Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn). The English name Friday comes from the Old English frīġedæġ, meaning the "day of Frig", a result of an old convention associating the Nordic goddess Frigg with the Roman goddess Venus after whom the planet was named; the same holds for Frīatag in Old High German, Freitag in Modern German, and vrijdag in Dutch.

"Friday" in other languages

The expected cognate name in Old Norse would be friggjar-dagr. The name of Friday in Old Norse is frjá-dagr instead, indicating a loan of the week-day names from Low German; however, the modern Faroese name is fríggjadagur. The modern Scandinavian form is fredag in Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish, meaning Freyja's day. The distinction between Freyja and Frigg in some Germanic mythologies is contested.

The word for Friday in most Romance languages is derived from Latin dies Veneris or "day of Venus" (a translation of Greek Aphrodī́tēs hēméra, Ἀφροδίτης Ἡμέρα), such as vendredi in French, venres in Galician, divendres in Catalan, vennari in Corsican, venerdì in Italian, vineri in Romanian, and viernes in Spanish and influencing the Filipino biyernes or byernes, and the Chamorro betnes. This is also reflected in the p-Celtic Welsh language as Gwener.

An exception is Portuguese, also a Romance language, which uses the word sexta-feira, meaning "sixth day of liturgical celebration", derived from the Latin feria sexta used in religious texts where consecrating days to pagan gods was not allowed. Another exception among the Romance languages is also Sardinian, in which the word chenàpura is derived from Latin cena pura. This name had been given by the Jewish community exiled to the island in order to designate the food specifically prepared for Shabbat eve.

In Arabic, Friday is الجمعة al-jumʿah, from a root meaning "congregation/gathering." In languages of Islamic countries outside the Arab world, the word for Friday is commonly a derivation of this: (Malay Jumaat (Malaysia) or Jumat (Indonesian), Turkish cuma, Persian/Urdu جمعه, jumʿa) and Swahili (Ijumaa).

In modern Greek, four of the words for the week-days are derived from ordinals. However, the Greek word for Friday is Paraskevi (Παρασκευή) and is derived from a word meaning "to prepare" (παρασκευάζω). Like Saturday (Savvato, Σάββατο) and Sunday (Kyriaki, Κυριακή), Friday is named for its liturgical significance as the day of preparation before Sabbath, which was inherited by Greek Christian Orthodox culture from Jewish practices.

Friday was formerly a Christian fast day; this is the origin of the Irish Dé hAoine, Scottish Gaelic Di-Haoine, Manx Jeheiney and Icelandic föstudagur, all meaning "fast day".

In both biblical and modern Hebrew, Friday is יום שישי Yom Shishi meaning "the sixth day".

In most Indian languages, Friday is Shukravāra, named for Shukra, the planet Venus. In Bengali শুক্রবার or Shukrobar is the 6th day in the Bengali week of Bengali Calendar and is the beginning of the weekend in Bangladesh. In Tamil, the word for Friday is velli, also a name for Venus; and in Malayalam it is velliyalca.

In Japanese, 金曜日 (きんようび, kinyōbi) is formed from the words 金星 (きんせい, kinsei) meaning Venus (lit. gold + planet) and 曜日 (ようび, yōbi) meaning day (of the week).

In the Korean language, it is 금요일 in Korean Hangul writing (Romanization: geumyoil), and is the pronounced form of the written word 金曜日 in Chinese characters, as in Japanese.

In Chinese, Friday is 星期五 xīngqíwǔ meaning "fifth day of the week".

In the Nahuatl language, Friday is quetzalcōātōnal ([ket͡saɬkoːaːˈtoːnaɬ]) meaning "day of Quetzalcoatl".

Most Slavic languages call Friday the "fifth (day)": Belarusian пятніца – pyatnitsa, Bulgarian петък – petŭk, Czech pátek, Polish piątek, Russian пятница – pyatnitsa, Serbo-Croatian петак – petak, Slovak piatok, Slovene petek, and Ukrainian п'ятниця – p'yatnitsya. The Hungarian word péntek is a loan from the Slavic Pannonian dialect. The n in péntek suggests an early adoption from Slavic, when many Slavic dialects still had nasal vowels. In modern Slavic languages only Polish retained nasal vowels.

In culture

Friday is considered unlucky in some cultures. This is particularly so in maritime circles; perhaps the most enduring sailing superstition is that it is unlucky to begin a voyage on a Friday. In the 19th century, Admiral William Henry Smyth described Friday in his nautical lexicon The Sailor's Word-Book as:

The Dies Infaustus, on which old seamen were desirous of not getting under weigh, as ill-omened.

(Dies Infaustus means "unlucky day".) This superstition is the root of the well-known urban legend of HMS Friday.

In modern times since the Middle Ages, Friday the 13th and Friday the 17th are considered to be especially unlucky, due to the conjunction of Friday with the unlucky numbers thirteen and seventeen. Such a Friday may be called a "Black Friday".

However, this superstition is not universal, notably in Hispanic, Greek and Scottish Gaelic culture:

Though Friday (and especially those falling on the 13th and 17th) has always been held an unlucky day in many Christian countries, still in the Hebrides it is supposed that it is a lucky day for sowing the seed. Good Friday in particular is a favourite day for potato planting—even strict Roman Catholics make a point of planting a bucketful on that day. Probably the idea is that as the Resurrection followed the Crucifixion, and Burial so too in the case of the seed, and after death will come life?

In Hispanic and Greek cultures, Tuesday is the unlucky day, specifically the 13th.

Popularly, Fridays are seen as days of good luck and happiness, since it is the last day of a work week as well as many school weeks that end every Friday.

In astrology

The Birth of Venus by Francois Boucher

In astrology, Friday is connected with the planet Venus and is symbolized by that planet's symbol ♀. Friday is also associated with the astrological signs Libra and Taurus.

Guillemot, Alexandre Charles - Mars and Venus Surprised by Vulcan - Google Art Project

The Toilet of Venus, by François Boucher

François Boucher - La toilette de Vénus - PPP2498 - Musée des Beaux-Arts de la ville de Paris

In religions

Christianity

Main article: Friday Fast

In Christianity, Good Friday is the Friday before Easter. It commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus. Adherents of many Christian denominations including the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Methodist, and Anglican traditions observe the Friday Fast, which traditionally includes abstinence from meat, lacticinia, and alcohol on Fridays of the year.

Traditionally, Roman Catholics were obliged to refrain from eating the meat of warm-blooded animals on Fridays, although fish was allowed. The Filet-O-Fish was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio, in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays.

In the present day, episcopal conferences are now authorized to allow some other form of penance to replace abstinence from meat. The 1983 Code of Canon Law states:

Canon 1250. The days and times of penance for the universal Church are each Friday of the whole year and the season of Lent.

Canon 1251. Abstinence from meat, or from some other food as determined by the Episcopal Conference, is to be observed on all Fridays, unless a solemnity should fall on a Friday. Abstinence and fasting are to be observed on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.

Canon 1253. The Episcopal Conference can determine more particular ways in which fasting and abstinence are to be observed. In place of abstinence or fasting it can substitute, in whole or in part, other forms of penance, especially works of charity and exercises of piety.

The Book of Common Prayer prescribes weekly Friday fasting and abstinence from meat for all Anglicans.

In Methodism, the Directions Given to Band Societies (25 December 1744) mandate for all Methodists fasting and abstinence from meat on all Fridays of the year.

The Eastern Orthodox Church continues to observe Fridays (as well as Wednesdays) as fast days throughout the year (with the exception of several fast-free periods during the year). Fasting on Fridays entails abstinence from meat or meat products (i.e., quadrupeds), poultry, and dairy products (as well as fish). Unless a feast day occurs on a Friday, the Orthodox also abstain from using oil in their cooking and from alcoholic beverages (there is some debate over whether abstention from oil involves all cooking oil or only olive oil). On particularly important feast days, fish may also be permitted. For the Orthodox, Fridays throughout the year commemorate the Crucifixion of Christ and the Theotokos (Mother of God), especially as she stood by the foot of the cross. There are hymns in the Octoekhos which reflect this liturgically. These include Theotokia (hymns to the Mother of God) which are chanted on Wednesdays and Fridays called Stavrotheotokia ("Cross-Theotokia"). The dismissal at the end of services on Fridays begins with the words: "May Christ our true God, through the power of the precious and life-giving cross...."

Quakers traditionally referred to Friday as "Sixth Day," eschewing the pagan origins of the name. In Slavic countries, it is called "Fifth Day" (Polish: piątek, Russian: пятница, pyatnitsa).

Hinduism

The day is named after Shukra son of Bhrigu and Kavyamata (Usana). In Hinduism, special observances are practiced for forms of the Devi, such as Durga, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kali, Parvati, Annapurna, Gayatri, or Santoshi Mata on Friday. Fridays are important for married ladies and they worship the goddesses on that day.

Islam

Main article: Friday prayer

In Islam, Friday (from sun-down Thursday to sun-down Friday) is the day of communion, of praying together, the holy day of Muslims. Friday observance includes attendance at a Masjid (mosque) for congregation prayer or Salat Al Jumu'ah. It is considered a day of peace and mercy (see Jumu'ah).

Muslim Friday prayer at a mosque in Malaysia

According to some Islamic traditions, the day is stated to be the original holy day ordained by God, but that now Jews and Christians recognize the days after. In some Islamic countries, the week begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday, just like the Jewish week and the week in some Christian countries. The week begins on Saturday and ends on Friday in most other Islamic countries, such as Somalia, and Iran. Friday is also the day of rest in the Baháʼí Faith. In some Malaysian states, Friday is the first week-end day, with Saturday the second, to allow Muslims to perform their religious obligations on Friday. Sunday is the first working day of the week for governmental organizations.

Muslims are recommended not to fast on a Friday by itself (makruh, recommended against, but not haram, religiously forbidden), unless it is accompanied with fasting the day before (Thursday) or day after (Saturday), or it corresponds with days usually considered good for fasting (i.e. Day of Arafah or Ashura), or it falls within one's usual religious fasting habits (i.e. fasting every other day), then it's completely permissible.

Muslims believe Friday as "Syed-ul-Ayyam" meaning King of days. A narration in Sahih Muslim describes the importance of Friday as follows.

"Abu Huraira reported the Messenger of Allah as saying:

The best day on which the sun has risen is Friday; on it, Adam was created. on it he was made to enter Paradise, on it he was expelled from it. And the last hour will take place on no day other than Friday.

— Sahih Muslim 854b

The Qur'an also has a surah (chapter) called Al-Jumu'ah (The Friday).

Judaism

Jewish Sabbath begins at sunset on Friday and lasts until nightfall on Saturday. There is a Jewish custom to fast on the Friday of the week of Chukat.

Named days

• Black Friday refers to any one of several historical disasters that happened on Fridays, and, in a general sense, to any Friday the thirteenth.
  • In the United States, Black Friday is also the nickname of the day after Thanksgiving, the first day of the traditional Christmas shopping season.
• Casual Friday (also called Dress-down, Aloha or Country and Western Friday) is a relaxation of the formal dress code employed by some corporations for the last day of the working week.
• Good Friday is the Friday before Easter in the Christian liturgical calendar. It commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus.
• Jumu'atul-Wida (Farewell Friday) is the last Friday of Ramadan, the fasting month in Islam.

Other

• Greta Thunberg's School strike for climate usually occurs on Fridays, and the movement is also called Fridays for Future.
• Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster celebrates every Friday as a holy day.

See also

• ISO 8601

External links

• Media related to Friday at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to Friday at Wikiquote
• The dictionary definition of Friday at Wiktionary