Portsmouth
De Mi caja de notas
Portsmouth (/ˈpɔːrtsməθ/ PORTS-məth) is a port city and unitary authority in Hampshire, England. Most of Portsmouth is located on Portsea Island, off the south coast of England in the Solent, making Portsmouth the only city in England not located primarily on the mainland. The city is located 22 miles (35 km) south-east of Southampton, 50 miles (80 km) west of Brighton and Hove and 74 miles (119 km) south-west of London. With a population last recorded at 208,100, it is the most densely-populated city in the United Kingdom.[6] Portsmouth forms part of the South Hampshire urban area with Gosport, Fareham, Havant, Eastleigh and Southampton.
Portsmouth's history can be traced to Roman times and has been a significant Royal Navy dockyard and base for centuries. Portsmouth was founded c. 1180 by Anglo-Norman merchant Jean de Gisors in the south-west area of Portsea Island, a location now known as Old Portsmouth.[7] Around this time, de Gisors ordered the construction of a chapel dedicated to St Thomas Becket.[7] This became a parish church by the 14th century. Portsmouth was established as a town with a royal charter on 2 May 1194.[8][9] The city is home to the first drydock ever built. It was constructed by Henry VII in 1496.[10]
Portsmouth has the world's oldest dry dock, "The Great Stone Dock"; originally built in 1698, rebuilt in 1769 and presently known as "No.5 Dock".[11] The world's first mass production line was established at the naval base's Block Mills which produced pulley blocks for the Royal Navy fleet. By the early-19th century, Portsmouth was the most heavily fortified city in the world, and was considered "the world's greatest naval port" at the height of the British Empire throughout Pax Britannica. By 1859, a ring of defensive land and sea forts, known as the Palmerston Forts, had been built around Portsmouth in anticipation of an invasion from continental Europe.
In the 20th century, Portsmouth achieved city status on 21 April 1926.[12] During the Second World War, the city was a pivotal embarkation point for the D-Day landings and was bombed extensively in the Portsmouth Blitz, which resulted in the deaths of 930 people. In 1982, a large Royal Navy task force departed from Portsmouth for the Falklands War. Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia was formerly based in Portsmouth and oversaw the transfer of Hong Kong in 1997, after which Britannia was retired from royal service, decommissioned and relocated to Leith as a museum ship.
HMNB Portsmouth is an operational Royal Navy base and is home to two-thirds of the UK's surface fleet. The base has long been nicknamed Pompey, a nickname it shares with the wider city of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club. The naval base also contains the National Museum of the Royal Navy and Portsmouth Historic Dockyard; which has a collection of historic warships, including the Mary Rose, Lord Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory (the world's oldest naval ship still in commission), and HMS Warrior, the Royal Navy's first ironclad warship.
The former HMS Vernon shore establishment has been redeveloped into a large retail outlet destination known as Gunwharf Quays which opened in 2001.[13] Portsmouth is among the few British cities with two cathedrals: the Anglican Cathedral of St Thomas and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St John the Evangelist. The waterfront and Portsmouth Harbour are dominated by the Spinnaker Tower, one of the United Kingdom's tallest structures at 560 feet (170 m).
Southsea is Portsmouth's seaside resort, which was named after Southsea Castle. Southsea has two piers; Clarence Pier amusement park and South Parade Pier. The world's only regular hovercraft service operates from Southsea Hoverport to Ryde on the Isle of Wight. Southsea Common is a large open-air public recreation space which serves as a venue for a wide variety of annual events.
The city has several mainline railway stations that connect to London Victoria and London Waterloo amongst other lines in southern England. Portsmouth International Port is a commercial cruise ship and ferry port for international destinations. The port is the second busiest in the United Kingdom after Dover, handling around three million passengers a year. The city formerly had its own airport, Portsmouth Airport, until its closure in 1973. The University of Portsmouth enrolls 23,000 students.
Portsmouth is the birthplace of notable people such as author Charles Dickens, engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, former Prime Minister James Callaghan, actor Peter Sellers and author-journalist Christopher Hitchens.
History
Early history
The Romans built Portus Adurni (now called Portchester Castle), a fort, at nearby Portchester in the late third century.[14] The city's Old English Anglo-Saxon name, "Portesmuða", is derived from port (a haven) and muða (the mouth of a large river or estuary).[15] In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a warrior named Port and his two sons killed a noble Briton in Portsmouth in 501.[16] Winston Churchill, in A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, wrote that Port was a pirate who founded Portsmouth in 501.[17][18]
England's southern coast was vulnerable to Danish Viking invasions during the eighth and ninth centuries, and was conquered by Danish pirates in 787.[19] In 838, during the reign of Æthelwulf, King of Wessex, a Danish fleet landed between Portsmouth and Southampton and plundered the region.[20] Æthelwulf sent Wulfherd and the governor of Dorsetshire to confront the Danes at Portsmouth, where most of their ships were docked. Although the Danes were driven off, Wulfherd was killed.[20] The Danes returned in 1001 and pillaged Portsmouth and the surrounding area, threatening the English with extinction.[21][22] They were massacred by the English survivors the following year; rebuilding began, although the town experienced further attacks until 1066.[23]
Norman to Tudor
Although Portsmouth was not mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book, Bocheland (Buckland), Copenore (Copnor), and Frodentone (Fratton) were.[8] According to some sources, it was founded in 1180 by the Anglo-Norman merchant Jean de Gisors.[24]
King Henry II died in 1189; his son, Richard I (who had spent most of his life in France), arrived in Portsmouth en route to his coronation in London.[25] When Richard returned from captivity in Austria in May 1194, he summoned an army and a fleet of 100 ships to the port.[26] Richard gave Portsmouth market-town status with a royal charter on 2 May, authorising an annual fifteen-day free-market fair, weekly markets and a local court to deal with minor matters, and exempted its inhabitants from an £18 annual tax.[8][9] The 1194 royal charter's 800th anniversary was celebrated in 1994 with ceremonies at the city museum.[27]
King John reaffirmed Richard I's rights and privileges, and established a permanent naval base. The first docks were begun by William of Wrotham in 1212,[8][26] and John summoned his earls, barons, and military advisers to plan an invasion of Normandy.[28] In 1229, declaring war against France, Henry III assembled a force described by historian Lake Allen as "one of the finest armies that had ever been raised in England".[29] The invasion stalled, and returned from France in October 1231.[30] Henry III summoned troops to invade Guienne in 1242, and Edward I sent supplies for his army in France in 1295.[31] Commercial interests had grown by the following century, and its exports included wool, corn, grain, and livestock.[32]
Edward II ordered all ports on the south coast to assemble their largest vessels at Portsmouth to carry soldiers and horses to the Duchy of Aquitaine in 1324 to strengthen defences.[33] A French fleet commanded by David II of Scotland attacked in the English Channel, ransacked the Isle of Wight and threatened the town. Edward III instructed all maritime towns to build vessels and raise troops to rendezvous at Portsmouth.[33] Two years later, a French fleet led by Nicholas Béhuchet raided Portsmouth and destroyed most of the town; only the stone-built church and hospital survived.[34][35][page needed] After the raid, Edward III exempted the town from national taxes to aid its reconstruction.[36] In 1377, shortly after Edward died, the French landed in Portsmouth. Although the town was plundered and burnt, its inhabitants drove the French off to raid towns in the West Country.[37]
Henry V gathered his forces in Portsmouth for an invasion of France in 1415, it was while staying at Portchester Castle that the Southampton plot was uncovered. This campaign would culminate with victory at the battle of Agincourt.[38] He also built Portsmouth's first permanent fortifications. In 1416, a number of French ships blockaded the town (which housed ships which were set to invade Normandy); Henry gathered a fleet at Southampton, and invaded the Norman coast in August that year.[39] Recognising the town's growing importance, he ordered a wooden Round Tower to be built at the mouth of the harbour; it was completed in 1426.[40] Henry VII rebuilt the fortifications with stone, assisted Robert Brygandine and Sir Reginald Bray in the construction of the world's first dry dock,[41] and raised the Square Tower in 1494.[40] He made Portsmouth a Royal Dockyard, England's only dockyard considered "national".[42] Although King Alfred may have used Portsmouth to build ships as early as the ninth century, the first warship recorded as constructed in the town was the Sweepstake (built in 1497).[43]
Henry VIII built Southsea Castle, financed by the Dissolution of the Monasteries, in 1539 in anticipation of a French invasion.[44][45] He also invested heavily in the town's dockyard, expanding it to 8 acres (3.2 ha).[46] Around this time, a Tudor defensive boom stretched from the Round Tower to Fort Blockhouse in Gosport to protect Portsmouth Harbour.[47]
From Southsea Castle, Henry witnessed his flagship Mary Rose sink in action against the French fleet in the 1545 Battle of the Solent with the loss of about 500 lives.[48] Some historians believe that the Mary Rose turned too quickly and submerged her open gun ports; according to others, it sank due to poor design.[49] Portsmouth's fortifications were improved by successive monarchs. The town experienced an outbreak of plague in 1563, which killed about 300 of its 2,000 inhabitants.[24]
Stuart to Georgian
In 1623, Charles I (then Prince of Wales) returned to Portsmouth from France and Spain.[50] His unpopular military adviser, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed to death in an Old Portsmouth pub by war veteran John Felton five years later.[8][51] Felton never attempted to escape, and was caught walking the streets when soldiers confronted him; he said, "I know that he is dead, for I had the force of forty men when I struck the blow".[52] Felton was hanged, and his body chained to a gibbet on Southsea Common as a warning to others.[24][52] The murder took place in the Greyhound public house on High Street, which is now Buckingham House and has a commemorative plaque.[53]
Most residents (including the mayor) supported the parliamentarians during the English Civil War, although military governor Colonel Goring supported the royalists.[24] The town, a base of the parliamentarian navy, was blockaded from the sea. Parliamentarian troops were sent to besiege it, and the guns of Southsea Castle were fired at the town's royalist garrison. Parliamentarians in Gosport joined the assault, damaging St Thomas's Church.[24][54] On 5 September 1642, the remaining royalists in the garrison at the Square Tower were forced to surrender after Goring threatened to blow it up; he and his garrison were allowed safe passage out of the city.[54][55]
Under the Commonwealth of England, Robert Blake used the harbour as his base during the First Anglo-Dutch War in 1652 and the Anglo-Spanish War. He died within sight of the town, returning from Cádiz.[55] After the end of the Civil War, Portsmouth was among the first towns to declare Charles II king and began to prosper.[56] The first ship built in over 100 years, HMS Portsmouth, was launched in 1650; twelve ships were built between 1650 and 1660. After the Restoration, Charles II married Catherine of Braganza at the Royal Garrison Church on 14 May 1662.[57][58] Catherine was reputed to have introduced the cultural practice of tea drinking to England at this event.[59]
During the late 17th century, Portsmouth continued to grow; a new wharf was constructed in 1663 for military use, and a mast pond was dug in 1665. In 1684, a list of ships docked in Portsmouth was evidence of its increasing national importance.[60] Between 1667 and 1685, the town's fortifications were rebuilt; new walls were constructed with bastions and two moats were dug, making Portsmouth one of the world's most heavily fortified places.[24]
In 1759, General James Wolfe sailed to capture Quebec; the expedition, although successful, cost him his life. His body was brought back to Portsmouth in November, and received high naval and military honours.[61] Two years later, on 30 May 1775, Captain James Cook arrived on HMS Endeavour after circumnavigating the globe.[8][62] The 11-ship First Fleet left on 13 May 1787 to establish the first European colony in Australia, the beginning of prisoner transportation;[63][64] Captain William Bligh of HMS Bounty also sailed from the harbour that year.[8][65] After the 28 April 1789 mutiny on the Bounty, HMS Pandora was dispatched from Portsmouth to bring the mutineers back for trial. The court-martial opened on 12 September 1792 aboard HMS Duke in Portsmouth Harbour; of the ten remaining men, three were sentenced to death.[66][67] In 1789, a chapel was erected in Prince George's Street and was dedicated to St John by the Bishop of Winchester. Around this time, a bill was passed in the House of Commons on the creation of a canal to link Portsmouth to Chichester; however, the project was abandoned.[68]
The city's nickname, Pompey, is thought to have derived from the log entry of Portsmouth Point (contracted "Po'm.P." – Po'rtsmouth P.oint) as ships entered the harbour; navigational charts use the contraction.[69] According to one historian, the name may have been brought back from a group of Portsmouth-based sailors who visited Pompey's Pillar in Alexandria, Egypt, around 1781.[70] Another theory is that it is named after the harbour's guardship, Pompee, a 74-gun French ship of the line captured in 1793.[71]
Portsmouth's coat of arms is attested in the early 19th century as "azure a crescent or, surmounted by an estoile of eight points of the last."[72][page needed] Its design is apparently based on 18th-century mayoral seals.[73] A connection of the coat of arms with the Great Seal of Richard I (which had a separate star and crescent) dates to the 20th century.[74]
Industrial Revolution to Edwardian
Marc Isambard Brunel established the world's first mass-production line at Portsmouth Block Mills, making pulley blocks for rigging on the navy's ships.[75] The first machines were installed in January 1803, and the final set (for large blocks) in March 1805. In 1808, the mills produced 130,000 blocks.[76] By the turn of the 19th century, Portsmouth was the largest industrial site in the world; it had a workforce of 8,000, and an annual budget of £570,000.[77]
In 1805, Admiral Nelson left Portsmouth to command the fleet which defeated France and Spain at the Battle of Trafalgar.[8] The Royal Navy's reliance on Portsmouth led to its becoming the most fortified city in the world.[78] The Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, tasked with halting the slave trade, began operating out of Portsmouth in 1808.[79] A network of forts, known as the Palmerston Forts, was built around the town as part of a programme led by Prime Minister Lord Palmerston to defend British military bases from an inland attack following an Anglo-French war scare in 1859. The forts were nicknamed "Palmerston's Follies" because their armaments were pointed inland and not out to sea.[80]
In April 1811, the Portsea Island Company constructed the first piped-water supply[81] to upper- and middle-class houses.[24] It supplied water to about 4,500 of Portsmouth's 14,000 houses, generating an income of £5,000 a year.[81] HMS Victory's active career ended in 1812, when she was moored in Portsmouth Harbour and used as a depot ship. The town of Gosport contributed £75 a year to the ship's maintenance.[82] In 1818, John Pounds began teaching working-class children in the country's first ragged school.[83][84] The Portsea Improvement Commissioners installed gas street lighting throughout Portsmouth in 1820,[8] followed by Old Portsmouth three years later.[24]
During the 19th century, Portsmouth expanded across Portsea Island. Buckland was merged into the town by the 1860s, and Fratton and Stamshaw were incorporated by the next decade. Between 1865 and 1870, the council built sewers after more than 800 people died in a cholera epidemic; according to a by-law, any house within 100 feet (30 m) of a sewer had to be connected to it.[8] By 1871 the population had risen to 100,000,[24] and the national census listed Portsmouth's population as 113,569.[8] A working-class suburb was constructed in the 1870s, when about 1,820 houses were built, and it became Somerstown.[8] Despite public-health improvements, 514 people died in an 1872 smallpox epidemic.[8] On 21 December of that year, the Challenger expedition embarked on a 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) circumnavigation of the globe for scientific research.[85][86]
When the British Empire was at its height of power, covering a quarter of Earth's total land area and 458 million people at the turn of the 20th century, Portsmouth was considered "the world's greatest naval port".[87] In 1900, Portsmouth Dockyard employed 8,000 people – a figure which increased to 23,000 during the First World War.[24][88] The whole of Portsea Island came united under the control of Portsmouth borough council in 1904.[89]
In 1906, HMS Dreadnought was launched from Portsmouth Dockyard. The ship revolutionised naval warfare and began an arms race with Germany. The ship's entry into service in 1906 represented such an advance in naval technology that her name came to be associated with an entire generation of battleships.
1913 terrorist attack
A major terrorist incident occurred in the city in 1913, which led to the deaths of two men. During the suffragette bombing and arson campaign of 1912–1914, militant suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union carried out a series of politically motivated bombing and arson attacks nationwide as part of their campaign for women's suffrage.[90] In one of the more serious suffragette attacks, a fire was purposely started at Portsmouth dockyard on 20 December 1913, in which two sailors were killed after it spread through the industrial area.[91][92][93] The fire spread rapidly as there were many old wooden buildings in the area, including the historic semaphore tower which dated back to the eighteenth century, which was completely destroyed.[92] The damage to the dockyard area cost the city £200,000 in damages, equivalent to £23,600,000 today.[92] In the midst of the firestorm, a battleship, HMS Queen Mary, had to be towed to safety to avoid the flames.[92] The two victims were a pensioner and a signalman.[92]
The attack was notable enough to be reported on in the press in the United States, with the New York Times reporting on the disaster two days after with the headline "Big Portsmouth Fire Loss".[91] The report also disclosed that at a previous police raid on a suffragette headquarters, "papers were discovered disclosing a plan to fire the yard".[91]
First and Second World Wars
On 1 October 1916, Portsmouth was bombed by a Zeppelin airship.[94] Although the Oberste Heeresleitung (German Supreme Army Command) said that the town was "lavishly bombarded with good results", there were no reports of bombs dropped in the area.[95] According to another source, the bombs were mistakenly dropped into the harbour rather than the dockyard.[94] About 1,200 ships were refitted in the dockyard during the war, making it one of the empire's most strategic ports at the time.[88]
Portsmouth's boundaries were extended onto the mainland of Great Britain between 1920 and 1932 by incorporating Paulsgrove, Wymering, Cosham, Drayton and Farlington into Portsmouth.[89] Portsmouth was granted city status in 1926 after a long campaign by the borough council.[89] The application was made on the grounds that it was the "first naval port of the kingdom".[96] In 1929, the city council added the motto "Heaven's Light Our Guide" to the medieval coat of arms. Except for the celestial objects in the arms, the motto was that of the Star of India and referred to the troopships bound for British India which left from the port.[97] The crest and supporters are based on those of the royal arms, but altered to show the city's maritime connections: the lions and unicorn have fish tails, and a naval crown and a representation of the Tudor defensive boom which stretched across Portsmouth Harbour are around the unicorn.[47][97]
During the Second World War, the city (particularly the port) was bombed extensively by the Luftwaffe in the Portsmouth Blitz.[8]
Portsmouth experienced 67 air raids between July 1940 and May 1944, which destroyed 6,625 houses and severely damaged 6,549.[24] The air raids caused 930 deaths and wounded almost 3,000 people,[98][99] many in the dockyard and military establishments.[100] On the night of the city's heaviest raid (10 January 1941), the Luftwaffe dropped 140 tonnes of high-explosive bombs which killed 171 people and left 3,000 homeless.[101] Many of the city's houses were damaged, and areas of Landport and Old Portsmouth destroyed; the future site of Gunwharf Quays was razed to the ground.[102] The Guildhall was hit by an incendiary bomb which burnt out the interior and destroyed its inner walls,[103] although the civic plate was retrieved unharmed from the vault under the front steps.[98] After the raid, Portsmouth mayor Denis Daley wrote for the Evening News:
We are bruised but we are not daunted, and we are still as determined as ever to stand side by side with other cities who have felt the blast of the enemy, and we shall, with them, persevere with an unflagging spirit towards a conclusive and decisive victory.
— Sir Denis Daley, January 1941[104]
Portsmouth Harbour was a vital military embarkation point for the 6 June 1944 D-Day landings. Southwick House, just north of the city, was the headquarters of Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower.[105][106] A V-1 flying bomb hit Newcomen Road on 15 July 1944, killing 15 people.[24]
1945 to present
Much of the city's housing stock was damaged during the war. The wreckage was cleared in an attempt to improve housing quality after the war; before permanent accommodations could be built, Portsmouth City Council built prefabs for those who had lost their homes. More than 700 prefab houses were constructed between 1945 and 1947, some over bomb sites.[24] The first permanent houses were built away from the city centre, in new developments such as Paulsgrove and Leigh Park;[107][108] construction of council estates in Paulsgrove was completed in 1953. The first Leigh Park housing estates were completed in 1949, although construction in the area continued until 1974.[24] Builders still occasionally find unexploded bombs, such as on the site of the destroyed Hippodrome Theatre in 1984.[109] Despite efforts by the city council to build new housing, a 1955 survey indicated that 7,000 houses in Portsmouth were unfit for human habitation. A controversial decision was made to replace a section of the central city, including Landport, Somerstown and Buckland, with council housing during the 1960s and early 1970s. The success of the project and the quality of its housing are debatable.[24]
Portsmouth was affected by the decline of the British Empire in the second half of the 20th century. Shipbuilding jobs fell from 46 per cent of the workforce in 1951 to 14 per cent in 1966, drastically reducing manpower in the dockyard. The city council attempted to create new work; an industrial estate was built in Fratton in 1948, and others were built at Paulsgrove and Farlington during the 1950s and 1960s.[24] Although traditional industries such as brewing and corset manufacturing disappeared during this time, electrical engineering became a major employer. Despite the cutbacks in traditional sectors, Portsmouth remained attractive to industry. Zurich Insurance Group moved their UK headquarters to the city in 1968, and IBM relocated their European headquarters in 1979.[24] Portsmouth's population had dropped from about 200,000 to 177,142 by the end of the 1960s.[110] Defence Secretary John Nott decided in the early 1980s that of the four home dockyards, Portsmouth and Chatham would be closed. The city council won a concession, however, and the dockyard was downgraded instead to a naval base.[111]
In 1956, the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze docked in Portsmouth harbour on a diplomatic mission that had taken head of state Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin to Britain. Naval intelligence was interested in the design of the ship and MI6 recruited diver Lionel Crabb to collect intelligence on the ship particularly its propulsion. After diving into the harbour Crabb was never seen again. This led to a diplomatic incident with the Soviet Union and scandal in British domestic politics.[citation needed]
On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces invaded two British territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The British government's response was to dispatch a naval task force, and the aircraft carriers HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible sailed from Portsmouth for the South Atlantic on 5 April. The successful outcome of the war reaffirmed Portsmouth's significance as a naval port and its importance to the defence of British interests.[112] In January 1997, Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia embarked from the city on her final voyage to oversee the handover of Hong Kong; for many, this marked the end of the empire.[113][114] She was decommissioned on 11 December of that year at Portsmouth Naval Base in the presence of Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, and twelve senior members of the royal family.[115][116]
Redevelopment of the naval shore establishment HMS Vernon began in 2001 as a complex of retail outlets, clubs, pubs, and a shopping centre known as Gunwharf Quays.[24] Construction of the 552-foot-tall (168 m) Spinnaker Tower, sponsored by the National Lottery, began at Gunwharf Quays in 2003.[117] The Tricorn Centre, called "the ugliest building in the UK" by the BBC, was demolished in late 2004 after years of debate over the expense of demolition and whether it was worth preserving as an example of 1960s brutalist architecture.[118][119][page needed] Designed by Owen Luder as part of a project to "revitalise" Portsmouth in the 1960s, it consisted of a shopping centre, market, nightclubs, and a multistorey car park.[120] Portsmouth celebrated the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar in 2005, with Queen Elizabeth II present at a fleet review and a mock battle.[24] The naval base is home to two-thirds of Britain's surface fleet.[121] The city also hosted international commemorations for 50th, 75th and 80th anniversaries of the D-Day landings, these were attended by international leaders and remaining veterans.
Geography
Portsmouth is 73.5 miles (118.3 km) by road from central London, 49.5 miles (79.7 km) west of Brighton, and 22.3 miles (35.9 km) east of Southampton.[122] It is located primarily on Portsea Island and is the United Kingdom's only island city, although the city has expanded to the mainland.[123] Gosport is a town and borough to the west.[122] Portsea Island is separated from the mainland by Portsbridge Creek,[124][page needed] which is crossed by three road bridges (the M275 motorway, the A3 road, and the A2030 road), a railway bridge, and two footbridges.[125] Portsea Island, part of the Hampshire Basin,[126] is low-lying; most of the island is less than 3 metres (9.8 ft) above sea level.[127][128] The island's highest natural elevation is the Kingston Cross road junction, at 21 feet (6.4 m) above ordinary spring tide.[129]
Old Portsmouth, the original town, is in the south-west part of the island and includes Portsmouth Point (nicknamed Spice Island).[130] The main channel entering Portsmouth Harbour, west of the island,[124][page needed] passes between Old Portsmouth and Gosport.[122] Portsmouth Harbour has a series of lakes, including Fountain Lake (near the commercial port), Portchester Lake (south central), Paulsgrove Lake (north), Brick Kiln Lake and Tipner (east), and Bombketch and Spider Lakes (west). Further northwest, around Portchester, are Wicor, Cams, and Great Cams Lakes.[122]
The large tidal inlet of Langstone Harbour is east of the island. The Farlington Marshes, in the north off the coast of Farlington, is a 125 hectares (310 acres) grazing marsh and saline lagoon. One of the oldest local reserves in the county, built from reclaimed land in 1771, it provides a habitat for migratory wildfowl and waders.[131]
South of Portsmouth are Spithead, the Solent, and the Isle of Wight. Its southern coast was fortified by the Round Tower, the Square Tower, Southsea Castle, Lumps Fort and Fort Cumberland.[132][page needed] Four sea forts were built in the Solent by Lord Palmerston: Spitbank Fort, St Helens Fort, Horse Sand Fort and No Man's Land Fort.
The resort of Southsea is on the central southern shoreline of Portsea Island,[133] and Eastney is east.[134] Eastney Lake covered nearly 170 acres (69 hectares) in 1626.[135] North of Eastney is the residential Milton and an area of reclaimed land known as Milton Common (formerly Milton Lake),[122] a "flat scrubby land with a series of freshwater lakes".[136] Further north on the east coast is Baffins, with the Great Salterns recreation ground and golf course around Portsmouth College.[122]
The Hilsea Lines are a series of defunct fortifications on the island's north coast, bordering Portsbridge Creek and the mainland.[137][138][page needed] Portsdown Hill dominates the skyline in the north, and contains several large Palmerston Forts[d] such as Fort Fareham, Fort Wallington, Fort Nelson, Fort Southwick, Fort Widley, and Fort Purbrook.[132][page needed][139] Portsdown Hill is a large band of chalk; the rest of Portsea Island is composed of layers of London Clay and sand (part of the Bagshot Formation), formed principally during the Eocene.[140]
Northern areas of the city include Stamshaw, Hilsea and Copnor, Cosham, Drayton, Farlington, Paulsgrove and Port Solent.[141] Other districts include North End and Fratton.[142][143] The west of the city contains council estates, such as Buckland, Landport, and Portsea, which replaced Victorian terraces destroyed by Second World War bombing.[24] After the war, the 2,000-acre (810 ha) Leigh Park estate was built to address the chronic housing shortage during post-war reconstruction.[107] Although the estate has been under the jurisdiction of Havant Borough Council since the early 2000s, Portsmouth City Council remains its landlord (the borough's largest landowner).[108]
The city's main station, Portsmouth and Southsea railway station,[144] is in the city centre near the Guildhall and the Civic Offices.[98][145] South of the Guildhall is Guildhall Walk, with a number of pubs and clubs.[146] The city's other railway station, Portsmouth Harbour railway station, is located on a pier at the harbour's edge, near Old Portsmouth.[147] Edinburgh Road contains the city's Roman Catholic cathedral and Victoria Park, a 15-acre (6.1 ha) park which opened in 1878.[148]
Climate
Portsmouth has a mild oceanic climate, with more sunshine than most of the British Isles.[149] Frosts are light and short-lived and snow is quite rare in winter, with temperatures rarely dropping below freezing.[127] The average maximum temperature in January is 10 °C (50 °F), and the average minimum is 5 °C (41 °F). The lowest recorded temperature is −8 °C (18 °F).[150] In summer, temperatures sometimes reach 30 °C (86 °F). The average maximum temperature in July is 22 °C (72 °F), and the average minimum is 15 °C (59 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 35 °C (95 °F).[150] The city gets about 645 millimetres (25.4 in) of rain annually, with a minimum of 1 mm (0.04 in) of rain reported 103 days per year.[151]
Climate data for Solent MRSC weather station, Lee-on-Solent, elevation: 9 metres (30 feet) (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.56 (47.41) |
8.74 (47.73) |
11.01 (51.82) |
13.94 (57.09) |
17.07 (62.73) |
19.59 (67.26) |
21.62 (70.92) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.38 (66.88) |
15.73 (60.31) |
11.88 (53.38) |
9.17 (48.51) |
14.89 (58.80) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.77 (38.79) |
3.77 (38.79) |
4.75 (40.55) |
6.57 (43.83) |
9.54 (49.17) |
12.42 (54.36) |
14.49 (58.08) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.43 (54.37) |
9.84 (49.71) |
6.56 (43.81) |
4.25 (39.65) |
8.58 (47.44) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 73.86 (2.91) |
52.32 (2.06) |
45.44 (1.79) |
41.45 (1.63) |
41.06 (1.62) |
48.25 (1.90) |
48.30 (1.90) |
55.74 (2.19) |
53.27 (2.10) |
83.40 (3.28) |
90.78 (3.57) |
89.61 (3.53) |
723.48 (28.48) |
Average precipitation days | 11.6 | 9.6 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 108.6 |
Source: Met Office[152] |
Climate data for Southsea, Portsmouth 1976–2005 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.9 (58.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
4.3 (39.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.2 (48.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 65 (2.6) |
50 (2.0) |
52 (2.0) |
42 (1.7) |
28 (1.1) |
40 (1.6) |
32 (1.3) |
43 (1.7) |
62 (2.4) |
81 (3.2) |
72 (2.8) |
80 (3.1) |
647 (25.5) |
Average rainy days | 11.2 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 11.2 | 103.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 67.9 | 89.6 | 132.7 | 200.5 | 240.8 | 247.6 | 261.8 | 240.7 | 172.9 | 121.8 | 82.3 | 60.5 | 1,919.1 |
Percent possible sunshine | 26 | 31 | 36 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 54 | 54 | 46 | 38 | 31 | 25 | 41 |
Source 1: [151] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: BADC[153] |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9.6 °C (49.3 °F) | 9.1 °C (48.4 °F) | 8.7 °C (47.7 °F) | 9.8 °C (49.6 °F) | 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) | 13.4 °C (56.1 °F) | 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) | 16.7 °C (62.1 °F) | 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) | 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) | 14.3 °C (57.7 °F) | 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) | 12.1 °C (53.8 °F) |
Demographics
Portsmouth is the second-most densely populated city in the United Kingdom, after London.[155][156] In the 2021 census, the city had 208,100 residents.[6] The city used to be even more densely populated, with the 1951 census showing a population of 233,545.[157][page needed][158] In a reversal of that decrease, its population has been gradually increasing since the 1990s.[159] With about 860,000 residents, South Hampshire is the fifth-largest urban area in England and the largest in South-East England outside London; it is the centre of one of the United Kingdom's most-populous metropolitan areas.[160]
The city is predominantly white (85.3% of the population). However, Portsmouth's long association with the Royal Navy ensures some diversity.[161] Some large, well-established non-white communities have their roots in the Royal Navy, particularly the Chinese community from British Hong Kong.[161][162] Portsmouth's long industrial history with the Royal Navy has drawn many people from across the British Isles (particularly Irish Catholics) to its factories and docks.[163][e] According to the 2011 census, Portsmouth's population was 84% White British, 3.8% other White, 1.3% Chinese, 1.4% Indian, 0.5% mixed race, 1.8% Bangladeshi, 0.5% other, 1.4% Black African, 0.5% white Irish, 1.3% other Asian, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Black Caribbean and 0.1% other Black.[166][167]
Population growth in Portsmouth since 1310[168] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 1310 | 1560 | 1801 | 1851 | 1901 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 | ||||||||||
Population | 740 (est) | 1000 (est) | 32,160 | 72,096 | 188,133 | 233,545 | 215,077 | 197,431 | 175,382 | 177,142 | 186,700 | 205,400 | 208,100 |
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1981 estimations[169] | 1991[170] | 2001[171] | 2011[172] | 2021[173] | ||||||
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 165,149 | 97.5% | 170,210 | 97.3% | 176,882 | 94.7% | 181,182 | 88.4% | 177,277 | 85.3% |
White: British | – | – | – | – | 171,510 | 91.9% | 172,313 | 84% | 161,664 | 77.7% |
White: Irish | – | – | – | – | 1,339 | 1,071 | 1,066 | 0.5% | ||
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | – | – | 85 | 118 | 0.1% | |
White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 324 | 0.2% |
White: Other | – | – | – | – | 4,033 | 7,713 | 14,105 | 6.8% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | 2,879 | 1.6% | 6,162 | 3.3% | 12,474 | 6.1% | 14,370 | 6.9% |
Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | 702 | 1,320 | 2,911 | 3,104 | 1.5% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | 68 | 215 | 539 | 603 | 0.3% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | 1,046 | 2,522 | 3,649 | 4,742 | 2.3% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Chinese | – | – | 725 | 0.4% | 1,607 | 2,611 | 2,116 | 1.0% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | 338 | 498 | 2,764 | 3,805 | 1.8% | |||
Black or Black British: Total | – | – | 778 | 0.4% | 942 | 0.5% | 3,777 | 1.8% | 7,070 | 3.5% |
Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | 175 | 219 | 540 | 5,369 | 2.6% | |||
Black or Black British: African | – | – | 246 | 601 | 2,958 | 950 | 0.5% | |||
Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | 357 | 122 | 279 | 751 | 0.4% | |||
Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | 1,859 | 1% | 5,467 | 2.7% | 5,487 | 2.6% |
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 414 | 1,103 | 1,176 | 0.6% | ||
Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | 235 | 935 | 1,244 | 0.6% | ||
Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | 560 | 2,381 | 1,540 | 0.7% | ||
Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | 650 | 1,048 | 1,527 | 0.7% | ||
Other: Total | – | – | 830 | 0.5% | 856 | 0.5% | 2,156 | 1.1% | 3,797 | 1.8% |
Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,078 | 1,007 | 0.5% | |
Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | 830 | 856 | 1,078 | 2,790 | 1.3% | |||
Non-White: Total | 4,203 | 2.5% | 4,487 | 2.7% | 9,819 | 5.3% | 23,874 | 11.6% | 30,724 | 14.3% |
Total | 169,352 | 100% | 174,697 | 100% | 186,701 | 100% | 205,056 | 100% | 208,001 | 100% |
Politics
The city is administered by Portsmouth City Council, a unitary authority which is responsible for local affairs. Portsmouth was granted its first market town charter in 1194.[174] In 1904, its boundaries were extended to all of Portsea Island and were later expanded onto the mainland of Great Britain between 1920 and 1932 by incorporating Paulsgrove, Wymering, Cosham, Drayton and Farlington into Portsmouth.[175] Portsmouth was granted city status on 21 April 1926.[175]
On 1 April 1974, it formed the second tier of local government (below Hampshire County Council);[176] Portsmouth and Southampton became administratively independent of Hampshire with the creation of the unitary authority on 1 April 1997.[177]
The city is divided into two parliamentary constituencies, Portsmouth South and Portsmouth North, represented in the House of Commons by Stephen Morgan and Amanda Martin, both of the Labour Party.[178] The two Parliamentary constituencies each contain 7 electoral wards, giving an overall total of 14 electoral wards. Portsmouth's inner city centre is located in the Portsmouth South constituency.
Portsmouth City Council has 14 electoral wards, each ward returns three councillors, making 42 in total.[179] Each councillor serves a four-year term.[180] After the May 2018 local elections, the Liberal Democrats formed a minority administration, they have run the city since then. The leader of the council is the Liberal Democrat, Gerald Vernon-Jackson. The lord mayor usually has a one-year term.[181]
The council is based in the Civic Offices, which house the tax support, housing-benefits, resident-services, and municipal-functions departments.[182] They are in Guildhall Square, with the Portsmouth Guildhall and Portsmouth Central Library. The Guildhall, a symbol of Portsmouth, is a cultural venue. It was designed by Leeds-based architect William Hill, who began it in the neo-classical style in 1873 at a cost of £140,000.[104][183] It was opened to the public in 1890.[184]
Minister for Portsmouth
Between January 2014 and July 2016, Portsmouth uniquely had a dedicated government minister, the Minister for Portsmouth, a position created in response to the loss of 900 jobs from BAE Systems within HMNB Portsmouth. The minister was charged with bringing economic growth to the city.[185]
Economy
Ten per cent of Portsmouth's workforce is employed at Portsmouth Naval Dockyard, which is linked to the city's biggest industry, defence; the headquarters of BAE Systems Surface Ships is in the city.[186] BAE's Portsmouth shipyard received construction work on the two new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers.[187][188][189] A £100 million contract was signed to develop needed facilities for the vessels.[189] However defence shipbuilding was ended in the city in favour of Glasgow during the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum. The Government was accused of making the decision to keep the more antiquated Glasgow shipyard over Portsmouth for political reasons as part of the pro union campaign. Ministers at the time did state shipbuilding would return to the city if Scotland left the UK. A minister for Portsmouth was established to help deal with the economic fallout of the decision.[190] A ferry port handles passengers and cargo,[191] and a fishing fleet of 20 to 30 boats operates out of Camber Quay, Old Portsmouth; most of the catch is sold at the quayside fish market.[192]
The city is host to IBM's UK headquarters and Portsmouth was also the UK headquarters of Zurich Financial Services until 2007.[24][193] City shopping is centred on Commercial Road and the 1980s Cascades Shopping Centre.[194][195] The shopping centre has 185,000 to 230,000 visitors weekly.[196] Redevelopment has created new shopping areas, including the Gunwharf Quays (the repurposed HMS Vernon shore establishment,[197] with stores, restaurants and a cinema) and the Historic Dockyard, which caters to tourists and holds an annual Victorian Christmas market.[198][199] Ocean Retail Park, on the north-eastern side of Portsea Island, was built in September 1985 on the site of a former metal-box factory.[200]
Development of Gunwharf Quays continued until 2007, when the 330-foot-tall (101 m) No. 1 Gunwharf Quays residential tower was completed.[201][202] The development of the former Brickwoods Brewery site included the construction of the 22-storey Admiralty Quarter Tower, the tallest in a complex of primarily low-rise residential buildings.[203] Number One Portsmouth, a proposed 25-storey 330 feet (101 m) tower opposite Portsmouth & Southsea station, was announced at the end of October 2008.[204] In August 2009, internal demolition of the existing building had begun.[205] A high-rise student dormitory, nicknamed "The Blade", has begun construction on the site of the swimming baths at the edge of Victoria Park. The 300-foot (91 m) tower will be Portsmouth's second-tallest structure, after the Spinnaker Tower.[206]
In April 2007, Portsmouth F.C. announced plans to move from Fratton Park to a new stadium on reclaimed land next to the Historic Dockyard. The £600 million mixed-use development, designed by Herzog & de Meuron, would include shops, offices and 1,500 harbourside apartments.[207][208] The scheme was criticised for its size and location, and some officials said that it would interfere with harbour operations.[209][210] The project was rejected by the city council due to the 2008 financial crisis.[211]
Portsmouth's two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales, were ordered by defence secretary Des Browne on 25 July 2007.[212] They were built in the Firth of Forth at Rosyth Dockyard and BAE Systems Surface Ships in Glasgow, Babcock International at Rosyth, and at HMNB Portsmouth.[213][214] The government announced before the 2014 Scottish independence referendum that military shipbuilding would end in Portsmouth, with all UK surface-warship construction focused on the two older BAE facilities in Glasgow.[215] The announcement was criticised by local politicians as a political decision to aid the referendum's "No" campaign.[216]
Culture
Portsmouth has several theatres. The New Theatre Royal in Guildhall Walk, near the city centre, specialises in professional drama.[217] The restored Kings Theatre in Southsea features amateur musicals and national tours.[218] The Groundlings Theatre, built in 1784, is housed at the Old Beneficial School in Portsea.[219] New Prince's Theatre and Southsea's Kings Theatre were designed by Victorian architect Frank Matcham.[220]
The city has three musical venues: the Guildhall,[221] the Wedgewood Rooms (which includes Edge of the Wedge, a smaller venue),[222] and Portsmouth Pyramids Centre.[223] Portsmouth Guildhall is one of the largest venues in South East England, with a seating capacity of 2,500.[98][224][225] A concert series is presented at the Guildhall by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.[226] The Portsmouth Sinfonia approached classical music from a different angle during the 1970s, recruiting players with no musical training or who played an instrument new to them.[227][228] The Portsmouth Summer Show is held at King George's Fields. The 2016 show held during the last weekend of April, featured cover bands such as the Silver Beatles, the Bog Rolling Stones, and Fleetingwood Mac.[229]
A number of musical works are set in the city. H.M.S. Pinafore is a comic opera in two acts set in Portsmouth Harbour, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W.S. Gilbert.[230] Portsmouth Point is a 1925 overture for orchestra by English composer William Walton, inspired by Thomas Rowlandson's etching of Portsmouth Point in Old Portsmouth.[231][232] The overture was played during a 2007 BBC Proms concert.[233] John Cranko's 1951 ballet Pineapple Poll, which features music from Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta The Bumboat Woman's Story, is also set in Portsmouth.[234][235]
Portsmouth hosts yearly remembrances of the D-Day landings, attended by veterans from Allied and Commonwealth nations.[236][237] The city played a major role in the 50th D-Day anniversary in 1994; visitors included US President Bill Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, King Harald V of Norway, French President François Mitterrand, New Zealand Prime Minister Jim Bolger, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister John Major, the Queen, and the Duke of Edinburgh.[238][239] The 75th Anniversary of D-Day was similarly commemorated in the city. Prime Minister Theresa May led the event, and was joined by leaders of the US, Canada, Australia, France and Germany.[240]
The annual Portsmouth International Kite Festival, organised by the city council and the Kite Society of Great Britain, celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2016.[241]
Victorious Festival, the biggest metropolitan music festival in the UK takes place on Southsea Seafront in Portsmouth. It has been an annual event at this location since 2014. It's a large family-friendly music festival and has featured headliners including Stereophonics, Noel Gallager's High Flying Birds, The Prodigy, and other prominent household names.[242]
Portsmouth is frequently used as a filming location for television and film productions, especially the Historic Dockyard. Productions include Tommy, Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), Mansfield Park and the Hollywood adaptation of Les Miserables.[243][244]
In 2005, Portsmouth featured in the first series of ITV's Britain's Toughest Towns.[245] As this documentary also indicated, Portsmouth has issues with gangs and anti-social behaviour.[246][247][248][249][250]
Literature
Portsmouth is the hometown of Fanny Price, the main character of Jane Austen's novel Mansfield Park, and most of its closing chapters are set there.[251] Nicholas and Smike, the main protagonists of Charles Dickens' novel The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, make their way to Portsmouth and become involved with a theatrical troupe.[252] Portsmouth is most often the port from which Captain Jack Aubrey's ships sail in Patrick O'Brian's seafaring historical Aubrey-Maturin series.[253] Portsmouth is the main setting of Jonathan Meades's 1993 novel Pompey.[254] Since the novel was published, Meades has presented a TV programme documenting Victorian architecture in Portsmouth Dockyard.[255]
Victorian novelist and historian Sir Walter Besant documented his 1840s childhood in By Celia's Arbour: A Tale of Portsmouth Town, precisely describing the town before its defensive walls were removed.[256] Southsea (as Port Burdock) features in The History of Mr Polly by H. G. Wells, who describes it as "one of the three townships that are grouped around the Port Burdock naval dockyards".[257] The resort is also the setting of the graphic novel The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch by high fantasy author Neil Gaiman, who grew up in Portsmouth. A Southsea street was renamed The Ocean at the End of the Lane by the city council in honour of Gaiman's novel of the same name.[258][259]
Crime novels set in Portsmouth and the surrounding area include Graham Hurley's D.I. Faraday/D.C. Winter novels[260] and C. J. Sansom's Tudor crime novel, Heartstone; the latter refers to the warship Mary Rose and describes Tudor life in the town.[261] Portsmouth Fairy Tales for Grown Ups, a collection of short stories, was published in 2014.[262][263] The collection, set around Portsmouth, includes stories by crime novelists William Sutton and Diana Bretherick.[264][265]
Education
The University of Portsmouth was founded in 1992 as a new university from Portsmouth Polytechnic; in 2016, it had 20,000 students.[266] The university was ranked among the world's top 100 modern universities in April 2015.[267][268] In 2013, it had about 23,000 students and over 2,500 staff members.[269] Several local colleges also award Higher National Diplomas, including Highbury College (specialising in vocational education),[270] and Portsmouth College (which offers academic courses).[271] Admiral Lord Nelson School and Miltoncross Academy were built in the late 1990s to meet the needs of a growing school-age population.[272][273]
After the cancellation of the national building programme for schools, redevelopment halted.[274] Two schools in the city were judged "inadequate", and 29 of its 63 schools were considered "no longer good enough" by Ofsted in 2009.[275] Before it was taken over by Ark Schools and became Ark Charter Academy, St Luke's Church of England secondary school was one of England's worst schools in GCSE achievement. It was criticised by officials for its behavioural standards, with students reportedly throwing chairs at teachers.[276] Since it became an academy in 2009, the school has improved; 69 per cent of its students achieved five GCSEs with grades of A* to C, including English and mathematics.[277] The academy's intake policy is for a standard comprehensive school, drawing from the community rather than by religion.[278]
Portsmouth Grammar School, the city's oldest independent school, was founded in 1732.[279][280][verification needed] Other independent schools include Portsmouth High School,[281] and Mayville High School (founded in 1897).[282]
Landmarks
Many of Portsmouth's former defences are now museums or event venues. Several Victorian-era forts on Portsdown Hill are tourist attractions;[283] Fort Nelson, at its summit, is home to the Royal Armouries museum.[284] Tudor-era Southsea Castle has a small museum, and much of the seafront defences leading to the Round Tower are open to the public. The castle was withdrawn from active service in 1960, and was purchased by Portsmouth City Council.[285] The southern part of the Royal Marines' Eastney Barracks is now the Royal Marines Museum, and was opened to the public under the National Heritage Act 1983.[286] The museum received a £14 million grant from the National Lottery Fund, and was scheduled to relocate to Portsmouth Historic Dockyard in 2019.[287] The birthplace of Charles Dickens, at Mile End Terrace,[288][289] is the Charles Dickens' Birthplace Museum; the four-storey red brick building became a Grade I listed building in 1953.[290] Other tourist attractions include the Blue Reef Aquarium (with an "underwater safari" of British aquatic life)[291] and the Cumberland House Natural History Museum, housing a variety of local wildlife.[292][293]
Most of the city's landmarks and tourist attractions are related to its naval history. They include the D-Day Story in Southsea, which contains the 83-metre-long (272 ft) Overlord Embroidery.[294][295] Portsmouth is home to several well-known ships; Horatio Nelson's flagship HMS Victory, the world's oldest naval ship still in commission, is in the dry dock of Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. The Victory was placed in a permanent dry dock in 1922 when the Society for Nautical Research led a national appeal to restore her,[82] and 22 million people have visited the ship.[296] The remains of Henry VIII's flagship, Mary Rose, was rediscovered on the seabed in 1971.[49] She was raised and brought to a purpose-built structure in Portsmouth Historic Dockyard in 1982.[297] Britain's first iron-hulled warship, HMS Warrior, was restored and moved to Portsmouth in June 1987 after serving as an oil fuel pier at Pembroke Dock in Pembrokeshire for fifty years.[298][page needed][299][300] The National Museum of the Royal Navy, in the dockyard, is sponsored by a charity which promotes research into the Royal Dockyard's history and archaeology.[301] The dockyard hosts the Victorian Festival of Christmas, featuring Father Christmas in a traditional green robe, each November.[302][303]
Portsmouth's long association with the armed forces is demonstrated by a large number of war memorials, including several at the Royal Marines Museum[304] and a large collection of memorials related to the Royal Navy in Victoria Park.[148] The Portsmouth Naval Memorial, in Southsea Common, commemorates the 24,591 British sailors who died during both World Wars and have no known grave.[305] Designed by Sir Robert Lorimer, it was unveiled by George VI on 15 October 1924.[306] In the city centre, the Guildhall Square Cenotaph contains the names of the fallen and is guarded by stone sculptures of machine gunners by Charles Sargeant Jagger.[307] The west face of the memorial reads:
This memorial was erected by the people of Portsmouth in proud and loving memory of those who in the glorious morning of their days for England's sake lost all but England's praise. May light perpetual shine upon them.[308]
The city has three cemeteries: Kingston, Milton Road, and Highland Road. Kingston Cemetery, opened in 1856, is in east Fratton. At 52 acres (21 ha), it is Portsmouth's largest cemetery and has about 400 burials a year.[309] In February 2014, a ceremony celebrating the 180th anniversary of Portsmouth's Polish community was held at the cemetery.[310] The approximately 25-acre (10 ha) Milton Road Cemetery, founded on 8 April 1912, has about 200 burials per year. There is a crematorium in Portchester.[309]
Gunwharf Quays
The naval shore establishment HMS Vernon contained the Royal Navy's arsenal; weapons and ammunition which would be taken from ships at its 'Gun Wharf' as they entered the harbour, and resupplied when they headed back to sea. The 1919 Southsea and Portsmouth Official Guide described the establishment as "the finest collections of weapons outside the Tower of London, containing more than 25,000 rifles".[311] During the early nineteenth century, the 'Gunwharf' supplied the fleet with a "grand arsenal" of cannons, mortars, bombs, and ordnance. Although gunpowder was not provided due to safety concerns, it could be obtained at Priddy's Hard (near Gosport).[312] An armoury sold small arms to soldiers, and the stone frigate also had blacksmith and carpenter shops for armourers. It was run by three officers: a viz (storekeeper), a clerk, and a foreman. By 1817, Gunwharf reportedly employed 5,000 men and housed the world's largest naval arsenal.[313]
HMS Vernon was closed on 1 April 1996[314] and was redeveloped by Portsmouth City Council as Gunwharf Quays,[197] a mixed residential and retail site with outlet stores, restaurants, pubs, cafés and a cinema.[315] Construction of the Spinnaker Tower began in 2001, and was completed in the summer of 2005. The project exceeded its budget and cost £36 million, of which Portsmouth City Council contributed £11 million.[316][317][318] The 560-foot (170 m) tower is visible at a distance of 23 miles (37 km) in clear weather, and its viewing platforms overlook the Solent (towards the Isle of Wight), the harbour and Southsea Castle.[319][320] The tower weighs over 33,000 tonnes (32,000 long tons; 36,000 short tons).[321][320]and has the largest glass floor in Europe.
Southsea
Southsea is a seaside resort and residential area of Portsmouth located at the southern end of Portsea Island. Its name originates from Southsea Castle, a seafront castle built in 1544 by Henry VIII to help defend the Solent and Portsmouth Harbour.[322] The area was developed in 1809 as Croxton Town; by the 1860s, the suburb of Southsea had expanded to provide working-class housing.[133] Southsea developed as a seaside and bathing resort.[133] A pump room and baths were built near the present-day Clarence Pier, and a complex was developed which included vapour baths, showers, and card-playing and assembly rooms for holiday-goers.[323]
Clarence Pier, opened in 1861 by the Prince and Princess of Wales, was named after Portsmouth military governor Lord Frederick FitzClarence and was described as "one of the largest amusement parks on the south coast".[324] South Parade Pier was built in 1878, and is among the United Kingdom's 55 remaining private piers.[325][326] Originally a terminal for ferries travelling to the Isle of Wight, it was soon redeveloped as an entertainment centre. The pier was rebuilt after fires in 1904, 1967 and 1974 (during the filming of Tommy).[325][133] Plans were announced in 2015 for a Solent Eye at Clarence Pier: a £750,000, 24-gondola Ferris wheel similar to the London Eye.[327]
Southsea is dominated by Southsea Common, a 480-acre (190 ha) grassland created by draining the marshland next to the vapour baths in 1820. The common met the demands of the early-19th-century military for a clear firing range,[328] and parallels the shore from Clarence Pier to Southsea Castle.[328] A popular recreation area, it hosts a number of annual events which include carnivals, Christmas markets, and Victorian festivals.[329][330] The common has a large collection of mature elm trees, believed to be the oldest and largest surviving in Hampshire and which have escaped Dutch elm disease due to their isolation. Other plants include the Canary Island date palms (Phoenix canariensis), some of Britain's largest, which have recently produced viable seed.[331]
Southsea is often mistaken as a town separate from Portsmouth, mainly due to the confusing Portsmouth & Southsea railway station name.[citation needed] The resort of Southsea previously had its own dedicated light railway line; the Southsea Railway and its own terminus, East Southsea railway station. The Southsea Railway and station were closed in 1914, with the station's name merged into that of Portsmouth's main railway station name in 1925.
Religion
Portsmouth has two cathedrals: the Anglican Cathedral of St Thomas in Old Portsmouth and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St John the Evangelist. The city is one of 34 British settlements with a Roman Catholic cathedral.[164][332] Portsmouth's first chapel, dedicated to Thomas Becket, was built by Jean de Gisors in the second half of the 12th century.[333][334] It was rebuilt and developed into a parish church and an Anglican cathedral.[334][335] Damaged during the 1642 Siege of Portsmouth, its tower and nave were rebuilt after the Restoration.[336] Significant changes were made when the Diocese of Portsmouth was founded in 1927.[337] It became a cathedral in 1932 and was enlarged, although construction was halted during the Second World War. The cathedral was re-consecrated before Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1991.[338]
The Royal Garrison Church was founded in 1212 by Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester. After centuries of decay, it became an ammunition store in 1540. The 1662 marriage of Charles II and Catherine of Braganza was celebrated in the church, and large receptions were held there after the defeat of Napoleon at the 1813 Battle of Leipzig. In 1941, a firebomb fell on its roof and destroyed the nave.[57] Although the church's chancel was saved by servicemen shortly after the raid, replacing the roof was deemed impossible due to the large amounts of salt solution absorbed by the stonework.[339]
The Cathedral of St John the Evangelist was built in 1882 to accommodate Portsmouth's increasing Roman Catholic population, and replaced a chapel built in 1796 to the west. Before 1791, Roman Catholic chapels in towns with borough status were prohibited. The chapel opened after the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 was passed, and was replaced by the cathedral.[340] It was constructed in phases; the nave was completed in 1882; the crossing in 1886, and the chancel by 1893. During the blitz, the cathedral was badly damaged when Luftwaffe bombing destroyed Bishop's House next door; it was restored in 1970, 1982, and 2001.[340] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth was founded in 1882 by Pope Leo XIII.[f] Smaller places of worship in the city include St Jude's Church in Southsea,[342] St Mary's Church in Portsea,[343] St Ann's Chapel in the naval base[344] and the Portsmouth and Southsea Synagogue, one of Britain's oldest.[345] Other places of worship include the Immanuel Baptist Church, Southsea; Trinity Methodist Church, Highland Road; Buckland United Reformed Church; The Oasis Centre Elim Penteostal Church; Jubilee Pentecostal Church, Somers Road; Kings Church Assemblies of God (St Peter's Somers Road); Family Church; Christ Central Church, John Pounds Centre; The Jami Mosque, Bradford Junction; The Sikh Gurudwara, Margate Road.
Sport
Portsmouth F.C. play their home games at Fratton Park. They have won two Football League titles (1949 and 1950),[346][347] and won the FA Cup in 1939 and 2008.[348][349] The club returned to the Premier League in 2003.[350] They were relegated to the Championship in 2010 and, experiencing serious financial difficulties in February 2012,[351] were relegated again to League One. The club was relegated the following year to League Two, the fourth tier of English football.[352] Portsmouth F.C. was purchased in April 2013 by the Pompey Supporters Trust, becoming the largest fan-owned club in English Football history.[353][354] In May 2017, as League Two champions, they were promoted to League One for the 2017–18 season.
Moneyfields F.C. have played in the Wessex Football League Premier Division since 1998.[355] United Services Portsmouth F.C. (formerly known as Portsmouth Royal Navy) and Baffins Milton Rovers F.C. compete in Wessex League Division One; United Services was founded in 1962,[356] and Baffins Milton Rovers in 2011.[357] The rugby teams United Services Portsmouth RFC and Royal Navy Rugby Union play their home matches at the United Services Recreation Ground. Royal Navy Rugby Union play in the annual Army Navy Match at Twickenham.[358]
Portsmouth began hosting first-class cricket at the United Services Recreation Ground in 1882,[359] and Hampshire County Cricket Club matches were played there from 1895 to 2000. In 2000, Hampshire moved their home matches to the new Rose Bowl cricket ground in West End.[360] Portsmouth is home to two hockey clubs: Portsmouth Hockey Club, based at the Admiral Lord Nelson School and United Services Portsmouth Hockey Club, based on Burnaby Road.[361] Great Salterns Golf Club, established in 1926,[362] is an 18-hole parkland course with two holes played across a lake;[363] there are coastal courses at Hayling and the Gosport and Stokes Bay Golf Club.[122] Boxing was a popular sport between 1910 and 1960, and a monument commemorating the city's boxing heritage was built in 2017.[364]
Transport
Roads
In March 2008, Portsmouth City Council became the first local authority in the UK to implement city-wide 20 miles per hour speed limit zones.[365][366]
Ferries
Portsmouth Harbour has passenger-ferry links to Gosport and the Isle of Wight,[367] with car-ferry service to the Isle of Wight nearby.[368] Hovertravel, Britain's longest-standing commercial hovercraft service, begun in the 1960s, runs from near Clarence Pier in Southsea to Ryde, Isle of Wight.[369] Portsmouth International Port has links to Caen, Cherbourg-Octeville, St Malo and Le Havre in France,[370][371] Santander and Bilbao in Spain,[372] and the Channel Islands.[373] Ferry services from the port are operated by Brittany Ferries and Condor Ferries.[372][374][375]
On 18 May 2006, Trasmediterranea began service to Bilbao in competition with P&O's service. Its ferry, Fortuny, was detained in Portsmouth by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency for a number of safety violations.[376] They were quickly corrected and the service was cleared for passengers on 23 May of that year.[377] Trasmediterránea discontinued its Bilbao service in March 2007, citing a need to deploy the Fortuny elsewhere.[378] P&O Ferries ended their service to Bilbao on 27 September 2010 due to "unsustainable losses".[379][380] The second-busiest ferry port in the UK (after Dover), Portsmouth handles about three million passengers per year.[381][382]
Buses
Local bus services are provided by Stagecoach South and First Hampshire & Dorset to the city and its surrounding towns. Hovertravel and First Hampshire & Dorset operate a Hoverbus service from the city centre to Southsea Hovercraft Terminal and the Hard Interchange, near the seafront.[383] National Express service from Portsmouth operates primarily from the Hard Interchange to Victoria Coach Station, Cornwall, Bradford, Birkenhead and Bristol.[384]
Railways
Railways in the Portsmouth area |
---|
Portsmouth has four railway stations on Portsea Island: Hilsea, Fratton, Portsmouth & Southsea[385] and Portsmouth Harbour,[386] with a fifth station at Cosham in the northern mainland suburb of Cosham, Portsmouth. Portsmouth previously had additional stations at Southsea, Farlington and Paulsgrove, but these were closed at various periods of the twentieth century.
The city of Portsmouth is on two direct South Western Railway routes to London Waterloo, via Guildford and via Basingstoke.[387] There is a South Western Railway stopping service to Southampton Central and Great Western Railway service to Cardiff Central via Southampton, Salisbury, Bath Spa and Bristol.[388] Southern has service to Brighton, Gatwick Airport, Croydon and London Victoria.[389]
Closed stations
Southsea once had its own branch line, the Southsea Railway, which opened in 1885 between Southsea railway station and Fratton; it was closed in 1914 due to competition from tram services.[390]
Farlington Halt railway station was built to serve Portsmouth Park racecourse, opening as Farlington Race Course on 26 June 1891.[391] The racecourse was closed during World War One, but the station was retained to serve the ammunition dump put in its place.[392] The station closed in 1917.[391] Re-opened in 1922 until 1927.[391] Under the Southern Railway, it re-opened as a general public halt in 1928 named Farlington Halt;[391] however, this was short-lived as the station closed due to insufficient customers on 4 July 1937.[391]
Paulsgrove Halt railway station[393] was a railway station opened in 1928 to serve the adjacent Portsmouth Racecourse, a pony racing stronghold.[394] The station was formerly located between Cosham and Portchester stations. Paulsgrove Halt was closed along with the racecourse when the land was acquired by the military in 1939, at the outbreak of World War II.
Air
Portsmouth Airport, with a grass runway, was in operation from 1932 to 1973. After it closed, housing (Anchorage Park) and industry were built on the site.[395][396] The nearest airport is Southampton Airport in the Borough of Eastleigh, 19.8 miles (31.9 km) away.[122] It has a South Western Railway rail connection, requiring a change at Southampton Central or Eastleigh.[397] Heathrow and Gatwick are 65 miles (105 km) and 75 miles (121 km) away, respectively. Gatwick is linked by Southern train service to London Victoria station and Heathrow is linked by coach to Woking, which is on both rail lines to London Waterloo and the London Underground.[398] Heathrow is linked to Portsmouth by National Express coaches.[399]
Former canal
The Portsmouth and Arundel Canal ran between the towns and was built in 1823 by the Portsmouth & Arundel Navigation Company. Never financially successful, and found to be contaminating Portsea Island fresh water wells,[400] it was abandoned in 1855 and the company was wound up in 1888.[401] The canal was part of a larger scheme for a secure inland canal route from London to Portsmouth, allowing boats to avoid the English Channel. It had three sections: a pair of ship canals (one on Portsea Island and one to Chichester) and a barge canal from Ford on the River Arun to Hunston, where it joined the canal's Chichester section.[402]
The route through Portsea Island began from a basin formerly located on Arundel Street and cut through Landport, Fratton and Milton, ending at the eastern end of Locksway Road in Milton (where a set of lock gates accessed Langstone and Chichester Harbours. After the island route was closed, the drained canal-bed sections through Landport and Fratton were reused for the Portsmouth Direct line, or filled-in to surface level to form a new main road route to Milton, named Goldsmith Avenue.
The brick-lined canal walls are clearly visible between the Fratton and Portsmouth & Southsea railway stations. The canal lock entrance at Locksway Road in Milton is east of the Thatched House pub.[403]
Future plans
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: This never happened, section now undue and probably needs to be removed.(September 2020) |
A new public transport structure was once under discussion, including monorails and light rail. Although a light-rail link to Gosport was authorised in 2002 (with completion expected to be in 2005), the project was in jeopardy as the Department for Transport refused to fund it in November 2005.[404] In April 2011, The News reported a scheme to replace conventional rail lines to Southampton via Fareham, Bursledon and Sholing with light rail.[405][406]
Media
Portsmouth, Southampton and their adjacent towns are served primarily by programming from the Rowridge and Chillerton Down transmitters on the Isle of Wight,[407][page needed] although the transmitter at Midhurst can substitute for Rowridge. Portsmouth was one of the first cities in the UK to have a local TV station (MyTV), although the Isle of Wight began local television broadcasting in 1998.[408] In November 2014, That's Solent was introduced as part of a nationwide roll-out of local Freeview channels in south-central England.[409] The stations broadcast from Rowridge.[410]
BBC local radio station that broadcast to the city is BBC Radio Solent on 96.1 FM. According to RAJAR, popular radio stations include regional Wave 105 and Global Radio's Heart South and Capital South. Easy Radio South Coast broadcasts from Southampton to the city on 107.4 MHz,[411] and the non-profit community station, Express FM, broadcasts on 93.7.[412] Patients at Queen Alexandra Hospital (Portsmouth's primary hospital) receive local programming from Portsmouth Hospital Broadcasting, which began in 1951.[413] When the first local commercial radio stations were licensed during the 1970s by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), Radio Victory received the first licence and began broadcasting in 1975. In 1986, the IBA increased the Portsmouth licence to include Southampton and the Isle of Wight. The new licence went to Ocean Sound (later known as Ocean FM), with studios in Fareham; Ocean FM became Heart Hampshire. For the city's 800th birthday in 1994, Victory FM broadcast for three 28-day periods over 18 months.[414] It was purchased by TLRC, who relaunched the station in 2001 as the Quay;[415] Portsmouth Football Club became a stakeholder in 2007, selling it in 2009.[416]
Portsmouth's daily newspaper is The News, founded in 1873 and previously known as the Portsmouth Evening News. The Journal, a free weekly newspaper, is published by News publisher Johnston Press.[417][418]
Notable residents
Portsmouth has been home to a number of famed authors; Charles Dickens, whose works include A Christmas Carol, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist and A Tale of Two Cities, was born there.[419] Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes stories, practised medicine in the city and played in goal for the amateur Portsmouth Association Football Club.[420] Rudyard Kipling (poet and author of The Jungle Book)[421] and H. G. Wells, author of The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine, lived in Portsmouth during the 1880s.[422] Novelist and historian Walter Besant, author of By Celia's Arbour, A Tale of Portsmouth Town, was born in Portsmouth.[423][424] Historian Frances Yates, known for her work on Renaissance esotericism, was born in the city. Francis Austen, brother of Jane Austen, briefly lived in the area after graduating from Portsmouth Naval Academy.[425] Contemporary literary figures include social critic, journalist and author Christopher Hitchens, who was born in Portsmouth.[426] Nevil Shute moved to the city in 1934 when he relocated his aircraft company, and his former home is in Southsea.[427] Fantasy author Neil Gaiman grew up in Purbrook and Southsea.[258][428]
Industrial Revolution engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsmouth.[429][430] His father, Marc Isambard Brunel, worked for the Royal Navy and developed the world's first production line to mass-produce pulley blocks for ship rigging.[75] James Callaghan, British prime minister from 1976 to 1979, was born and raised in Portsmouth.[431][432] Son of a Protestant Northern Irish petty officer in the Royal Navy, Callaghan was the only person to hold all four Great Offices of State: foreign secretary, home secretary, chancellor and prime minister.[433] John Pounds, the founder of ragged schools (which provided free education to working-class children), lived in Portsmouth and founded England's first ragged school there.[434]
Comedian and actor Peter Sellers was born in Southsea,[435] and Arnold Schwarzenegger briefly lived and trained in Portsmouth.[436] Other actors who were born or lived in the city include EastEnders actresses Emma Barton and Lorraine Stanley,[437] comedienne and singer Audrey Jeans,[438] and Bollywood actress Geeta Basra.[439] Cryptozoologist Jonathan Downes was born in Portsmouth, and lived there for a time.[440] Ant Middleton, former SBS, current television presenter and author was born in Portsmouth.
Helen Duncan, the last person to be imprisoned under the 1735 Witchcraft Act, was arrested in Portsmouth.[441]
Notable sportspeople include Commonwealth Games gold medalist Michael East,[442] Olympic medallist in cycling Rob Hayles,[443] former British light-heavyweight boxing champion Tony Oakey,[444] Olympic medallist Alan Pascoe as well as professional footballer Mason Mount.[445] Single-handed yachtsman Alec Rose,[446] 2003 World Aquatics Championships gold medallist Katy Sexton,[447] and Olympic medallist Roger Black were also born in the city.[448] Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar, the last constitutional monarch of the island state, lives in exile in Portsmouth with his wife and six children.[449]
International relations
Twin towns - sister cities
- Caen, Normandy, France
- Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Haifa, Haifa District, Israel
- Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Lakewood, Jefferson County, Colorado, United States
- Maizuru, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
- Portsmouth, Virginia, United States
- Portsmouth, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States
- Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
Freedom of the City
According to the Portsmouth City Council website, the following individuals and military units have received the Freedom of the City in Portsmouth:[452]
Individuals
- Baron Macnaghten (1895)
- Field Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar (1898)
- Sir John Baker (1901)
- Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Fitzwygram (1901)
- Sir William Pink (1905)
- Sir T. Scott Foster (1906)
- Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1921)
- F. G. Foster (1924)
- David Lloyd George (1924)
- Prince of Wales (1926)
- Major General J. E. B. Seely (1927)
- Sir William Joynson-Hicks (1927)
- Frank J. Privett (1928)
- Sir Harold R. Pink (1928)
- Admiral Sir William James (1942)
- Field Marshal Lord Montgomery of Alamein (1946)
- Sir Winston Churchill (1950)[453]
- Albert Johnson (1966)
- J. P. D. Lacey (1966)
- Sir Alec Rose (1968)[454]
- Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten of Burma (1976)
- Prince of Wales (1979)
- Lord Callaghan of Cardiff (1991)
- Princess of Wales (1992)
- Lord Judd of Portsea (1995)
- Lady Margaret Daley (1996)
- Josef Krings (1997)
- Ian G. Gibson (2002)
- Milan Mandarić (2003)
- Sir Alfred Blake (2003)
- Brian Kidd (2003), former Head of Parks and Gardens in Portsmouth[455]
- Harry Redknapp (2008)
- Syd Rapson (2016)
Military units
- Royal Hampshire Regiment (1950)
- Royal Marines (1959)
- Portsmouth Command of the Royal Navy (1965)
- Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (1992)
- HMS King Alfred, RNR (2003)
- HMS Endurance, RN (2007)
Organisations and groups
- Essential Workers of Portsmouth: 16 March 2021 (service will be held in May 2021).[456]
- Royal Naval Association: 8 December 2021.
- Royal Marines Association (Portsmouth Branch): 8 December 2021.
- Association of Wrens and Women of the Royal Naval Services: 8 December 2021.[457]
- Pompey in the Community: 29 March 2022.[458]
- Life House: 15 December 2022.[459]
- The Southern Co-operative Limited: 10 July 2023.[460]
See also
- List of tallest buildings and structures in Portsmouth
- List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom
- Portsmouth power station
Notes
- ^ 2021 census
- ^ 2011 census
- ^ 2011 census
- ^ These were part of a network of fortifications intended to guard military bases on the British coastline from an inland attack. They were built in the 19th century by order of Lord Palmerston.[80]
- ^ Portsmouth is one of 34 British towns and cities with a Catholic cathedral.[164][165]
- ^ Vatican policy in England at the time was to found sees in locations other than those used for Anglican cathedrals.[341]
References
Citations
- ^ "Portsmouth, 2021 UK Census".
- ^ "UK election results 2024 | Constituency map".
- ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – South Hampshire Built-up area (E34004977)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics.
- ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Portsmouth Built-up area sub division (E35001312)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics.
- ^ a b UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Portsmouth Local Authority (E06000044)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ a b "How the population changed in Portsmouth, Census 2021 - ONS". www.ons.gov.uk.
- ^ a b "The History of Portsmouth 1164AD - 1417AD".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "History of Portsmouth". Portsmouth Council. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ a b Quail 1994, pp. 14–18.
- ^ "1495 - Worlds First Dry Dock - Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust".
- ^ "Portsmouth Royal Dockyard History". Portsmouthdockyard.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "1926 – Portsmouth Created a City – Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust". Portsmouthdockyard.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "New era dawns for Portsmouth as Gunwharf quays opens". The News. Portsmouth. 15 February 2016.
- ^ Amy, Robert. "Classic Britannica – the home of the Roman Fleet". Pompeymarkets. PM Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Portsmouth name origin". Key to English Place-names. University of Nottingham. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Vortigern in the Sources: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". VortigernStudies. Robert Vermaat. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ Churchill 2015, p. 41.
- ^ "See Portsmouth through history". The Independent. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 26.
- ^ a b Allen 2015, p. 27.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 29.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 30.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "A History of Portsmouth". Local Histories. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 32.
- ^ a b Allen 2015, p. 33.
- ^ "Portsmouth 800". www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 34.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 36.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 37.
- ^ Allen 2015, pp. 37, 39.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 43.
- ^ a b Allen 2015, p. 44.
- ^ Sumption 1990, pp. 395, 396.
- ^ Seward 1988.
- ^ "Portsmouth port history". World Post Source. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 48.
- ^ "History of Portchester Castle".
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 49.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 27.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 33.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 53.
- ^ "Portsmouth's long shipbuilding history comes to an end". BBC. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 143.
- ^ "Two Programmes – Coast, Shorts, Cuttlefish and Pompey". BBC. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 23.
- ^ a b "Portsmouth's Coat of Arms". Portsmouth City Council. 29 May 2007. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ "Southsea Castle History". Portsmouth Museums. 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 37.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 54.
- ^ Allen 2015, pp. 54, 55.
- ^ a b Allen 2015, p. 56.
- ^ Backhouse, Tim. "Old Portsmouth—Duke of Buckingham". Memorials and Monuments in Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
- ^ a b "The Siege of Portsmouth". Portsmouth History. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ a b "The Siege of Portsmouth, August to September 1642". Little Woodham. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 57.
- ^ a b "Royal Garrison Church, Portsmouth". English Heritage. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 57.
- ^ "A very Royal Wedding - Charles II and Catherine of Braganza | Royal Museums Greenwich".
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 58.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 65.
- ^ Collingridge 2003, p. 311.
- ^ "The First Fleet". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ Frost 2012, p. 165.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 223.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, pp. 223, 224.
- ^ Hough 1972, p. 276.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 130.
- ^ "Pompey, Chats and Guz: the Origins of Naval Town nicknames". Royal Naval Museum. 2000. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 98.
- ^ Breverton 2010, p. 282.
- ^ Berry & Glover 1828.
- ^ East 1891, p. 656.
- ^ Valentine Dyall, Unsolved Mysteries: A Collection of Weird Problems from the Past, 1954, p. 14).
- ^ a b "Portsmouth Royal Dockyard history: 1690–1840". Portsmouth Royal Dockyard. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Dockyard Block Mills history". Portsmouth Guide. Portsmouth Council. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ "Shipbuilding & The Dockyard". A Tale of One City. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ Pevsner 1967, p. 422.
- ^ "From slave trade to humanitarian aid". BBC News. 19 March 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 79.
- ^ a b "A History of Portsmouth Water Supply". Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 39.
- ^ "John Pounds Memorial Church". InPortsmouth. CIS. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, pp. 66, 67.
- ^ Rice 1999, pp. 27–48.
- ^ "The Voyage of the Challenger". Stony Brook University. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 24.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 91.
- ^ a b c "The Portsmouth Encyclopaedia: A History of Places and People in Portsmouth, with an Index to Streets" (PDF). Portsmouth City Libraries. 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ "Suffragettes, violence and militancy". British Library. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ a b c New York Times (22 December 1913). "Big Portsmouth Fire Loss; $1,000,000 Damage and Two Deaths – Suffragettes Suspected". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Webb, Simon (2021). The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists. Pen and Sword. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-1-78340-064-5.
- ^ Bearman, C. J. (2005). "An Examination of Suffragette Violence". The English Historical Review. 120 (486): 383. doi:10.1093/ehr/cei119. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 3490924.
- ^ a b "Portsmouth Zeppelin air raid". Richthofen.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 1999. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Portsmouth Dockyard, Hampshire: Mystery Zeppelin Attack". BBC. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "No. 33154". The London Gazette. 23 April 1926. pp. 2776–2777.
- ^ a b "Portsmouth's Coat of Arms history". Portsmouth City Council. 27 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Guildhall History – Portsmouth Guildhall". www.portsmouthguildhall.org.uk. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Guildhall bombed during WWII". Portsmouthnowandthen.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "The Blitz, Portsmouth". Welcometoportsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 151.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 186.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 147.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 146.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, pp. 155, 156.
- ^ O'Connor, Jerome. "Southwick House". Historyarticles.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 160.
- ^ a b "Leigh Park history". Localhistories.org. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ Hind, Bob (3 January 2013). "Last bomb of the war found in Guildhall Walk". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 161.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 92.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 93.
- ^ Brendon 2007, p. 660.
- ^ "Duke of Edinburgh slams move to decommission the Royal Yacht Britannia". Daily Mirror. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ "Learn About The Decommissioning of the Royal Yacht Britannia". The Royal Yacht Britannia Trust. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Alderson, Andrew (20 April 2003). "Queen blamed Major for royal yacht fiasco". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Construction of the Spinnaker Tower". Mcdoa.org.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "R.I.P. Britain's Ugliest Building". BBC News. 24 March 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ^ Clark 2009.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 164.
- ^ "HMNB Portsmouth". Royal Navy. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Portsmouth" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, pp. 14, 16.
- ^ a b Vine 1990.
- ^ "Ports Bridge, Portsmouth information". Old Hampshire Gazetteer. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ Melville, R.V. & Freshney E.C. (4th Ed 1982), The Hampshire Basin and adjoining areas, British Regional Geology series, Institute of Geological Sciences, London: HMSO
- ^ a b "Landscape Character Assessment – Portsea Island Coastal Defence Flood Risk Areas" (PDF). Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- ^ "Rising Sea Levels: Case Study – Portsmouth (see page 13)" (PDF). Building Futures. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- ^ Hind, Bob. "The high point of my childhood". The News. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ "Spice island gates". Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Farlington Marshes Wildlife Reserve". Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ a b Patterson 1985.
- ^ a b c d "A History of Southsea". Local History. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "History of Eastney". A Vision of Britain Through Time. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ Webb 1989, p. 11.
- ^ Long 2007, p. 188.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 80.
- ^ Mitchell 1988.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, pp. 79, 80.
- ^ West, Ian. "Solent Geology". University of Southampton. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- ^ "Electoral areas in Portsmouth". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "A History of North End". Local Histories. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "A History of Fratton". Local Histories. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "History in Portsmouth: Southsea Railway Line". History in Portsmouth. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "Getting Here – Portsmouth Guildhall". Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth's Guildhall Walk among 'violent' streets". BBC News. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Harbour station". The Train Line. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Victoria Park history". Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "GCSE Bitesize: UK climate". BBC Bitesize. BBC. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- ^ a b "Portsmouth record temperatures". Metoffice.gov.uk. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Portsmouth Climate, Met Office". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- ^ "Portsmouth 1991–2020 averages". Station, District and regional averages 1991–2020. Met Office. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Southsea Weather Station". BADC. October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^ "Portsmouth Sea Temperature". World Sea Temperature. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Portsmouth demography – JSNA report". Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ Dickinson 1998, p. 390.
- ^ "Population Of Portsmouth In 2016". UK Population 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "A demographic profile of Portsmouth Past, Hampshire County Council" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "United Kingdom: Urban Areas in England – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". City Population. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ a b "Portsmouth Census and Ethnicity Information". Hampshire County Council. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "A Review of A Glorious 25 years" (PDF). Portsmouth Chinese Association. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ^ Daly 2011, p. 27.
- ^ a b "Non-Anglican cathedrals". English Cathedrals. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- ^ "List of Catholic Cathedrals in the UK". Love My Town. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "Portsmouth Census Summary, Hampshire County Council" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Portsmouth Local Authority (1946157284)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ Patterson 1976.
- ^ Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). "Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement". Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2.
- ^ Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales Archived 5 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Table 6)
- ^ "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "Portsmouth first charter". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b "The Portsmouth Encyclopaedia" (PDF).
- ^ "Local Government Review in England" (PDF). Parliament UK. 5 July 1995. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 18.
- ^ "Electoral areas in Portsmouth". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "Your Councillors by Ward". Portsmouth Democracy. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ "Election Timetable in England" (PDF). Gov UK. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ "The Lord Mayor of Portsmouth". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "Portsmouth Civic Offices contact directory". Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^ "Fundraising and Campaigning" (PDF). Portsmouth Cultural Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Guildhall History". Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "Minister for Portsmouth job scrapped". BBC News. 27 July 2016.
- ^ "Minister for Portsmouth to be Michael Fallon". BBC News. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ "Queen Elizabeth Class Aircraft Carrier Project Information". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ "MoD confirms £3.8bn carrier order". BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ a b Tovey, Andy (24 May 2016). "Inside Britain's biggest-ever aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth". The Telegraph. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ Rankin, Jennifer (6 November 2013). "BAE ends shipbuilding in Portsmouth and axes 1800 jobs". The Guardian.
- ^ "History and Heritage". Portsmouth International Port. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ "Camber Dock and fishing fleet". Portsmouth International Port. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "IBM declares that Portsmouth is still its HQ despite job cuts". The News. Portsmouth City Council. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Shopping". Virtual Tourist. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Cascades – Find Us". Cascades Shopping. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- ^ "Cascades Portsmouth – Shopping Centre in Commercial Road Portsmouth". Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ a b "Gunwharf Quays history". A Tale of One City. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ "Victorian Festival of Christmas 2016". Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ "Things To Do in Portsmouth". Gunwharf Quays. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Ocean Retail Park in Portsmouth". Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ "No 1 Gunwharf Quays, Portsmouth information". British Home Awards. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Property Full Details – No 1 Gunwharf Quays". Waterside Properties. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Admiralty Quarter, Portsmouth". Find A New Home. The Digital Property Group Limited. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
- ^ French, Claire (14 August 2014). "Five-star hotel developer considers Portsmouth sites". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Hotel bid ready to reach for the skies". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ Nimmo, Joe (31 July 2012). "Hunt for company to build the Blade tower continues". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ Staff and agencies (25 April 2007). "Portsmouth unveil plans for 36,000-seater stadium adjacent to city's naval dockyards". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ "Design: Portsmouth Dockland Stadium – StadiumDB.com". Stadium DB. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Pie-in-the-sky or a real winner for our city?". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.
- ^ "Majority say it's a threat to harbour". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.
- ^ "The best football stadiums that were never built". The Mirror. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- ^ "MOD confirms carrier order". BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ^ "Cammell Laird wins £50m Royal Navy warship contract". Liverpool Echo. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- ^ "New carriers being built at Portsmouth base". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "BAE Systems ends shipbuilding in Portsmouth". BBC News. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ Assinder, Nick (6 November 2013). "Political Row as Portsmouth Shipyard 'Sacrificed' in Scottish Independence Campaign". International Business Times. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Visions and Values". New Theatre Royal. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Kings Theatre – What's On". London Theatre Direct. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "History of Groundlings Theatre". Groundlings Theatre. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "List of theatres designed by Frank Matcham". Frank Matcham society. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Guildhall Music Events". Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Wedgewood Rooms music venues". Wedgewood Rooms CIC. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Pyramids Centre list of music events". Pyramids Live. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Guildhall announce increased capacity – Portsmouth Guildhall". Portsmouth Guildhall. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Queen hears chimes on D-Day visit". BBC News. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Events – Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra at the Guildhall". Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. Arts Council England. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "The Real Godfathers of Punk". Portsmouth Sinfonia. Times Newspapers Ltd. 30 May 2004. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Who were the Portsmouth Sinfonia?". Classical Music Reimagined. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "The Portsmouth Summer Show 2016". Efestivals. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ Stedman 1996, pp. 157–158.
- ^ "William Walton – general information". Walton Trust. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ Pirie, Peter J. (April 1964). "Scapino. The Development of William Walton". The Musical Times. 105 (1454). The Musical Times, Vol. 105, No. 1454: 258–259. doi:10.2307/949354. JSTOR 949354.
- ^ "Walton: Portsmouth Point Overture on CD & download (MP3 & FLAC) – Buy online from Presto Classical". Presto Classical Limited. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Pineapple Poll". Southern Youth Ballet. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "The Royal Ballet in Pineapple Poll". The Radio Times (1877). BBC: 11. 30 October 1959. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "The pride and tears of D-Day". Portsmouth City Council. 12 October 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "D-Day 70th anniversary: Ceremonies and staged landing held". BBC News. 5 June 2004. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ Vaidyanathan, Rajini (20 February 2011). "Barack Obama's UK visit: Where did past presidents go?". BBC News. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "D-Day 50 Commemorations". Portsmouth Guide. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ Mohan-Hickson, Matthew (31 May 2019). "REVEALED: Canadian Prime Minister is coming to Portsmouth for D-Day 75 ceremony". Portsmouth. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ "About the Kite Festival". Portsmouthkitefestival.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ Music festival unveils creation of Victorious Foundation to support most vulnerable children in Portsmouth, The News, 2 April 2016
- ^ "Royal Navy Plays Part in Les Miserables". Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Film and TV". Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Britains Toughest Towns, Season 1 Episode 5". IMDB. David Sumnall (director), David Sumnall (writer), Donal MacIntyre (star). 19 October 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ Cotterill, Tom (22 May 2020). "Fresh fury as more reckless gangs gather on Southsea Common 'putting lives at risk'". Portsmouth News. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Fishwick, Ben (15 June 2021). "Southsea Common 'public order' incident involving 30 people sees man, 18, injured". Portsmouth News. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "Gangs of up to 20 yobs fighting in Buckland street, riding..." Portsmouth News. 12 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Lewis, Anna (24 June 2020). "'They're laughing at police': Dispersal order in place at Southsea Common after gang of 200 teens fight, take drugs and intimidate residents". HampshireLive. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "Gang with machete and knuckle duster seen fighting on..." Portsmouth News. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ Wiltshire, John. "Exploring Mansfield Park in the footsteps of Fanny Price" (PDF). jasna. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ "Dickens' novel influences on Portsmouth". Portsmouth City Council. 22 July 1904. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Jack Aubrey's England tour" (PDF). Brian Lavery. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ Adams, Matthew (20 November 2013). "Pompey by Jonathan Meades: Book review – a startlingly filthy read". The Independent. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ Cooke, Rachel (10 November 2013). "Jonathan Meades: 'I find everything fascinating and that is a gift'". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ The Literary World, Volume 17. 1878. p. 120. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ Cummins, Anthony (13 March 2011). "Kipps by HG Wells – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ a b Flood, Alison (21 June 2013). "Neil Gaiman novel inspires Portsmouth street name". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "'Hanging Out with the Dream King': An Interview with Neil Gaiman". Star & Crescent. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ "Other novels in Portsmouth culture". Graham Hurley Publishing. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Heartsone, by C. J Sansom". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Fairy Tales for Grown-Ups". Love Southsea. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Fairy Tales for Grown Ups information". William Sutton. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "William Sutton – A Shilling Shocker Short Story". Angry Robot Books. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ^ "Diana Bretherick, LBA Literary Agents". LBA Literary Agents. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ^ "University of Portsmouth information". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
- ^ Josie Gurney-Read (29 April 2015). "Top 100 new universities – the list in full". Telegraph. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth in Top 100 Modern Universities in world". UoP News. University of Portsmouth. 29 April 2015. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 198.
- ^ "Higher National Certificates at Higbury". Highbury College Portsmouth. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Access to Higher Education at Portsmouth College". Portsmouth College. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ Timms, Dave. "Admiral Lord Nelson School Map". Welcome to Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
- ^ "Miltoncross Academy". UCAS Progress. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
- ^ Richardson, Hannah (5 July 2010). "School buildings scheme scrapped". BBC News. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Satisfactory is not good enough for city's schools". Portsmouth City Council. 10 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ Garner, Richard (5 January 2014). "The children used to throw chairs at people out of the window". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Charter school in different class". BBC News. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Admissions policy". Charter Academy. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Grammar School". Principal Corporation Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 200.
- ^ "Portsmouth High School". Portsmouth High School. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ "Mayville High School homepage". Mayville High School. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Purbrook Fort" (PDF). Victorian Forts. Hampshire County Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Fort Nelson Royal Armouries". Royal Armouries. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "About Southsea Castle". Southsea Castle. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Royal Marines Museum Account 2010–2011" (PDF). Gov UK. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
- ^ "Royal Marines Museum relocates following £14m grant". BBC News. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "The Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum". Charles Dickens Birthplace. Portsmouth City of Museums. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 73.
- ^ "Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum, Portsmouth". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ "Blue Reef Aquarium". Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Cumberland House Natural History Museum". Portsmouth Natural History. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 23 October 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Cumberland House Natural History Museum". Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "D-Day Museum and Overlord Embroidery". D-Day Museum. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 156.
- ^ "History of HMS Victory". HMS Victory. The National Museum. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "Raising the Mary Rose – The Mary Rose Museum". Mary Rose Museum. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 42.
- ^ "Restoration — Homecoming". HMS Warrior Preservation Trust. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ Winton 1987, p. 5.
- ^ "History of the Trust". Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "Victorian Festival of Christmas". Mary Rose. Hampshire County Council. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "Victorian Festival of Christmas". Historic Dockyard. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "Projects – Royal Marines Museum". Royal Marines Museum. The National Museum. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 135.
- ^ "Portsmouth Naval Memorial Cemetery Details". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
- ^ "The Guildhall Square Cenotaph". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Memorials and Monuments in Portsmouth City Centre (The Guildhall Square Cenotaph)". Memorials in Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ a b "Portsmouth cemeteries". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth's Polish community marks 180th anniversary". BBC. 23 February 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, pp. 185, 186.
- ^ Allen 2015, p. 123.
- ^ Allen 2015, pp. 123, 124.
- ^ "History of HMS Vernon". Mcdoa. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Shops at Gunwharf Quays". Gunwharf Quays. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Spinnaker opens five years late". BBC News. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Spinnaker Tower, Portsmouth". Skyscraper News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 232.
- ^ "History & Construction – Spinnaker Tower". Spinnaker Tower. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 233.
- ^ "Spinnaker Tower overview". The World Federation of Great Towers. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "About Southsea Castle'". Portsmouth Museums. 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ Quail 2000, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 140.
- ^ a b Hewitt 2013, p. 138.
- ^ Quail 2000, p. 46.
- ^ "Plan unveiled for £750,000 ferris wheel similar to London Eye on Southsea seafront". The News. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ a b Quail 2000, p. 19–20.
- ^ "Top Events for 2016 at Southsea Common". Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 136.
- ^ "Southsea Common Trees". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "List of UK Cathedrals". Historic UK. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "St Thomas's Portsmouth Cathedral | Old Portsmouth". Welcometoportsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ a b "History of Portsmouth Cathedral". Portsmouth Cathedral. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth chapel history". History.inportsmouth.co.uk. 10 January 1941. Archived from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ Knowles 2006, p. 21.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 44.
- ^ "Portsmouth Cathedral, History and Visiting". Hampshire Guide. Britain Express. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ Hewitt 2013, p. 150.
- ^ a b "History of St John's Catholic Cathedral". St John's Catholic Cathedral. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Diocese of Portsmouth, Catholic Encyclopedia". Newadvent. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "St Jude's Church Southsea". Diocese of Portsmouth. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "Saint Mary's Church". Visit Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "Church of Saint Ann (Building Number 1/65)". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "The Portsmouth and Southsea Hebrew Congregation". Jack White. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "Pompey FC Results – Season 1948 to 1949". Portsmouth Arena. Archived from the original on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "English Football League 1949–50". Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ^ Neasom 1984, p. 21.
- ^ "Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff". BBC News. 17 May 2008. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
- ^ "Portsmouth clinch promotion and championship". RTÉ Sport. 27 April 2003. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- ^ "Portsmouth FC winding up would be 'utter disaster'". BBC News. BBC. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth relegation: Guy Whittingham remains positive". BBC Sport. 17 April 2013.
- ^ Gibson, Owen (10 April 2013). "Portsmouth fans celebrate 'historic day' as deal done for Fratton Park". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ Simon, Mundie (2 August 2013). "Portsmouth FC begin new era as football league starts". Newsbeat. BBC. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ "Moneyfields FC overview and statistics". Football Club History Database. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "United Services Portsmouth history". United Services Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Baffins Milton Rovers FC overview". Sydenham. Wessex League. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Fixtures: Royal Navy Rugby Union". Navy Rugby Union. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ "United Services Recreation Ground info". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- ^ Allen, Dave (20 July 2000). "United Services Portsmouth – The Hampshire Years 1888–2000". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ "United Services Hockey Club contact information". Pitcher. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
- ^ Records of the Corporation. Published under Official Authority by Charpentier. 1966. p. 71.
- ^ "Great Salterns Golf Course/Portsmouth Golf Centre". Golf Today. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ "Memorial commemorates Portsmouth boxing greats". www.bbc.co.uk. 21 August 2017.
- ^ "Road safety in Portsmouth".
- ^ "Portsmouth's 20mph Scheme - Road Safety Knowledge Centre". 15 July 2010.
- ^ "Portsmouth Ferry. Buy Portsmouth Ferry Tickets. Portsmouth Ferries". AFerry. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ^ "Wightlink Ferries". Wightonline. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ "Hovercraft and Hoverbus Timetable". Hovertravel. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ "Portsmouth to Caen ferries". Brittany Ferries. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ "Continental Ferryport". Portsmouth to France. InterCash Bureau de Change Ltd. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Portsmouth to Spain ferries". Brittany Ferries. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Ferry to Channel Islands". Channel Island Ferries. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Condor Ferries Portsmouth Terminal: Portsmouth ferry terminal, port directions and facilities". Condor Ferries. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "LD Lines Ferries main page". LD Lines. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Ferry impounded over safety fears". BBC News. 18 May 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Ferry cleared to begin crossings". BBC News. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "AT Ferries Portsmouth Bilbao service ends – 2007". Direct Ferries. 8 March 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Final P&O Pride of Bilbao service docks in Portsmouth". BBC News. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Pride of Bilbao's Portsmouth era". BBC News. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "UK Port Freight Statistics 2014" (PDF). Gov UK. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ Wright, Robert (22 November 2009). "Portsmouth in line for port revamp". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "A Sustainable and Connected Centre" (PDF). Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Coach Services". Welcome To Portsmouth. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "National Rail Enquiries –Station facilities for Portsmouth & Southsea". National Rail. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "Station facilities for Portsmouth Harbour". National Rail. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "National Rail Enquiries – Station facilities for Portsmouth". National Rail. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth – South West Trains". South West Trains. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Trains to Portsmouth: Southern". Southern Railway. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Southsea Railway, Fratton". www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk.
- ^ a b c d e Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Sparkford, Somerset: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7.
- ^ "Railways in Portsmouth". Starzina. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ "Details of opening". Archived from the original on 4 June 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ "Pony racing links". Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ Fagan, Dave. "History of Portsmouth Airport". Hampshire Airfields. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Airport History". Portsmouth Airport. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ Rail Saver. "South West Trains". Railsaver.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ "Trains Gatwick Airport to Portsmouth Harbour – Train Timetables". Train Line. National Rail. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "203 Route, Southsea to Heathrow Airport – National Express". Coachtracker. National Express. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth Canal". welcometoportsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ Green 2006, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Armstrong 1971, pp. 144–145.
- ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps.
- ^ "Hampshire County Council with Portsmouth City Council". Railway Technology. Kable. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ "Local Transport Plan 3" (PDF). Hampshire County Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ Hampshire County Council (29 November 2005). "Promoter Slams Government For Tram Scheme". Archived from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ Pawley 1972.
- ^ "Putting Portsmouth in the Picture". TV Ark. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "That's Solent launches new local TV service for Southampton and Portsmouth area". a516digital. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- ^ "Predicted That's Solent Coverage". Recombu. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
- ^ "The Breeze Portsmouth". The Breeze. Celador Radio Limited. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "About Us – Express FM". Express FM. Express FM and Aiir. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "QA Radio". Hospital Broadcasting Association. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
- ^ "Could Portsmouth's Radio Victory make a comeback?". Portsmouth City Council. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Celador wins back the Portsmouth licence". Radio Today. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Southampton's Radio Hampshire ceases broadcasting". Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ "About us – Portsmouth News". Portsmouth News. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Portsmouth daily newspapers". WRX ZEN. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Charles Dickens Birthplace". Charles Dickens Birthplace. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ "Arthur Conan Doyle: 19 things you didn't know". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Blue plaques". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Discovering city's rich literary heritage". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ Owen, Chris (18 April 2016). "'When I was reading Besant's book, I repeatedly gasped'". Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "By Celia's Arbour". Life Is Amazing. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ^ "Sir Francis William Austen: Glimpses of Jane's sailor brother in letters". Jane Austen's World. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[self-published source?]
- ^ "Results for England & Wales Births 1837–2006". Find My Past. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "Nevil Shute Norway Blue Plaques". Open Plaques. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Bowlby, Rachel (17 January 2013). "The struggles of Olivia Manning". New Statesman. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ "History – Isambard Kingdom Brunel". BBC History. BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Isambard Kingdom Brunel". Brunel AC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2005. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "James Callaghan biography". BBC History. BBC. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^ Morgan, Kenneth (27 March 2012). "James Callaghan: a great PM who, 100 years on, still stands tall". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^ "James Callaghan". Number 10. Gov UK. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ "Great Educator: John Pounds 1766 to 1839". Ragged University. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ Milligan, Spike (2004). "Sellers, Peter (1925–1980)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31669. Retrieved 9 July 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "An Austrian hick in London: Arnie's early years". Telegraph. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Emma Barton: 'You have got to take risks with your choices'". The News. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Sid James died in Audrey's arms", The News, Portsmouth, 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2023
- ^ "Bollywood actress in Portsmouth". Indiazen. 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Cryptozoology – Jon Downes biography". CFZ. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "The Official Helen Duncan Web Site". Helen Duncan. 6 December 1956. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2011.[self-published source?]
- ^ "Athlete Profile – Michael East". The Power of 10. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "About Rob Hayles". Rob Hayles. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Tony Oakey profile". BoxRec. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Track stalwart who did city so proud". The News. Portsmouth City Council. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "1968: Alec Rose sails home". BBC News. 4 July 1968. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "About – Katy Sexton Swim Academy". Katy Sexton. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[self-published source?]
- ^ "Biography of Roger Black – Former Olympic Silver Medalist". Roger Black. 31 March 1966. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ "Royals in exile: In Britain, heirs to the thrones". The Independent. 3 April 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ^ "Sister cities of Portsmouth". sistercity.info.
- ^ "Twinning". Portsmouth City Council.
- ^ "Freedom of the city & keys of the city". www.portsmouth.gov.uk. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ 'pompey's' New Freeman (1950) (video). British Pathé. 13 April 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ Sir Alec Rose Receives Freedom Of Portsmouth (1968) (video). British Pathé. 13 April 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Brian Kidd – Portsmouth's 'Mr Gardening' – dies aged 82". Portsmouth News. December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^ "'Fantastic' Portsmouth key workers granted freedom of the city". 16 March 2021.
- ^ "Falklands veterans given Freedom of City of Portsmouth". BBC News Hampshire & Isle of Wight. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- ^ "PitC Awarded Freedom Of The City". The Portsmouth Football Club. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- ^ Lewis, Sophie (20 December 2022). "Southsea's LifeHouse receives early Christmas present with Freedom of the City award". The News. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ Hunt, Lucy (10 July 2023). "Southern Co-operative to be awarded Freedom of the Portsmouth after efforts during Covid-19 pandemic". The News. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
Works cited
- Allen, Lake (2015). Wingett, Matt (ed.). The History of Portsmouth. Life Is Amazing. ISBN 978-0-9572413-6-7.
- Armstrong, J.R. (1971). A History of Sussex. Sussex: Phillimore. ISBN 0-85033-185-4.
- Berry, William; Glover, Robert (1828). Encyclopædia Heraldica: Complete dictionary of heraldry. Glover's Ordinary of arms, augm. and improved, with indexes, etc. Mottos of the nobility, etc. Appendix, containing baronets of Scotland and Ireland. author.
- Breverton, Terry (2010). Breverton's Nautical Curiosities. Bloomsbury Square, London: Quercus Publishing PLC. ISBN 978-1-84724-776-6.
- Churchill, Winston (2015). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Volume I: The Birth of Britain. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-2343-0.
- Clark, Celia (2009). The Tricorn: The Life and Death of a Sixties Icon. Tricorn Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9562498-0-7.
- Collingridge, Vanessa (February 2003). Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer. Ebury Press. ISBN 0-09-188898-0.
- Daly, Gerry (2011). Crown, Empire and Home Rule: The Irish in Portsmouth c. 1880–1923. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. ISBN 978-3-639-09018-5.
- Dickinson, Robert E. (1998). City and Region: A Geographical Interpretation. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-17697-2.
- East, Robert (1891). Extracts from Records in the Possession of the Municipal Corporation of the Borough of Portsmouth and from Other Documents Relating Thereto. Portsmouth: H. Lewis.
- Frost, Alan (2012). The First Fleet: The Real Story. Collingwood: Black Inc. ISBN 978-1-86395-561-4.
- Green, Alan H.J. (2006). The History of Chichester's Canal. Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-9512036-1-4.
- Hewitt, Phil (2013). A Portsmouth Miscellany. Summersdale. ISBN 978-1-84953-463-5.
- Hough, Richard (1972). Captain Bligh and Mr Christian: The Men and the Mutiny. London: Hutchinsons. ISBN 978-0-09-112860-9.
- Knowles, Graeme (2006). Portsmouth Cathedral. RJL Smith & Associates Much Wenlock. ISBN 1-872665-94-2.
- Long, Rod (1 January 2007). South Coast Saunter. Pegasus Elliot Mackenzie Pu. ISBN 978-1-84386-286-4.
- Neasom, Mike (1984). Pompey: The History of Portsmouth Football Club. Milestone Publications. ISBN 0-903852-50-0.
- Patterson, B.H. (1985). A Military Heritage A history of Portsmouth and Portsea Town Fortifications. Fort Cumberland & Portsmouth Militaria Society.
- Patterson, Alfred Temple (1976). Portsmouth: a history. Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire: Moonraker Press. ISBN 9780239001467. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- Pawley, Edward (1972). BBC engineering, 1922–1972. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. ISBN 0-563-12127-0.
- Brendon, Piers (2007). The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997. Random House. ISBN 978-0-224-06222-0.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus (1967). The Buildings of England Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071032-9.
- Rice, A.L. (1999). "The Challenger Expedition". Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-705-9.
- Mitchell, Garry H. (1988). Hilsea lines and Portsbridge. G.H. Mitchell. ISBN 0947605061.[self-published source?]
- Quail, Sarah (1994). The Origins of Portsmouth and the First Charter. City of Portsmouth. ISBN 0-901559-92-X.
- Quail, Sarah (2000). Southsea Past. Philimore Publishing. ISBN 1-86077-145-9.
- Seward, Desmond (1988). A Brief History of the Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337–1453. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4721-1220-0.
- Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816174-3.
- Sumption, Jonathan (1990). Hundred Years War Vol 1: Trial by Battle. Faber & Faber. p. 672. ISBN 978-0-571-26658-6.
- Vine, P.A.L. (1990). Hampshire waterways. Middleton Press. ISBN 0906520843.
- Webb, John (1989). The Spirit of Portsmouth: A History. Phillimore. ISBN 978-0-85033-617-7.
- Winton, John (1987). Warrior: The First and The Last. Liskeard, Cornwall: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-907771-34-3.
General references
- Churchill, Winston Spencer (1968). History of the English Speaking People: Birth of Britain, 55 B.C. to 1485. Dodd Mead. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-396-03841-2.
External links