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The rabbit–duck illusion is an ambiguous image in which a rabbit or a duck can be seen.[1]
The earliest known version is an unattributed drawing from the 23 October 1892 issue of Fliegende Blätter, a German humour magazine. It was captioned, in older German spelling, "Welche Thiere gleichen einander am meisten?" ("Which animals are most like each other?"), with "Kaninchen und Ente" ("Rabbit and Duck") written underneath.[2]
After being used by psychologist Joseph Jastrow, the image was made famous by Ludwig Wittgenstein, who included it in his Philosophical Investigations as a means of describing two different ways of seeing: "seeing that" versus "seeing as".
Correlations
Whether one sees a rabbit or a duck, and how often, may correlate with sociological, biological, and psychological factors. For example, Swiss, both young and old, tend to see a bunny during Easter and a bird/duck in October.[3] It may also indicate creativity. A standard test of creativity is to list as many novel uses as one can for an everyday object (e.g., a paper clip) in a limited time. Wiseman et al. found that participants who easily could see the image as either a rabbit or duck came up with an average of about 5 novel uses for their everyday item, while those who could not flip between rabbit and duck at all came up with fewer than 2 novel uses.[4]
Philosophical implications
Several scholars suggested that the illusion resonates philosophically and politically. Wittgenstein, as Shirley Le Penne commented,[5] employed the rabbit–duck illusion to distinguish perception from interpretation. If you see only a rabbit, you would say "this is a rabbit", but once you become aware of the duality you would say "now I see it as a rabbit". You may also say "it's a rabbit–duck", which, for Wittgenstein, is a perceptual report.[5]
Thomas Kuhn used the rabbit–duck illusion as a metaphor for revolutionary change in science, illustrating the way in which a paradigm shift could cause one to see the same information in an entirely different way.[6]
Uriel Abulof said that the illusion crystallizes the interplay between freedom (choice) and facticity (forced reality).[7] If you see just a duck, you may need to actively choose to work on seeing the rabbit too, and once you do, to then choose which you see at any given point. While submitting that "once you see the duck you cannot unsee it", Abulof said that "trying to unsee what we already did might be less about choosing one perspective over another but about negating one, so that we don't have to choose."[7]
References
- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Rabbit–duck illusion". MathWorld.
- ^ McManus, I. C.; Freegard, Matthew; Moore, James; Rawles, Richard (2010). "Science in the Making: Right Hand, Left Hand. II: The duck–rabbit figure" (PDF). Laterality. 15 (1–2): 166–85. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.602.8669. doi:10.1080/13576500802564266. PMID 19142793. S2CID 14812167. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ Brugger, Peter; Brugger, Susanne (1993). "The Easter Bunny in October: Is it Disguised as a Duck?". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 76 (2): 577–578. doi:10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.577. ISSN 0031-5125. PMID 8483671. S2CID 38354760.
- ^ Wiseman, Richard; Watt, Caroline; Gilhooly, Kenneth; Georgiou, George (2011). "Creativity and ease of ambiguous figural reversal" (PDF). British Journal of Psychology. 102 (3): 615–622. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02031.x. hdl:20.500.11820/70d9fe08-d869-458f-95fe-1ca7d7150a82. ISSN 2044-8295. PMID 21752010. S2CID 20523020.
- ^ a b Le Penne, Shirley (22 October 2019). "What Do You See?". Sapienism. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- ^ Kindi, Vasso (25 June 2021). "Kuhn, the Duck, and the Rabbit: Perception, Theory-Ladenness, and Creativity in Science". In Wray, K. Brad (ed.). Interpreting Kuhn: Critical Essays. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–184. doi:10.1017/9781108653206.010. ISBN 9781108498296. OCLC 1223066673. S2CID 237739793.
- ^ a b Abulof, Uriel (23 October 2019). "I see you (The Mind's I&I)". Sapienism. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
External links
- The illusion in Fliegende Blätter at the University Library Heidelberg
- Rabbitduck, a sculpture by Paul St George