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Version du 3 juillet 2022 à 00:10
| Chamois | |
|---|---|
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| Wild chamois in the Canton of Bern | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Caprinae |
| Tribe: | Caprini |
| Genus: | Rupicapra |
| Species: | R. rupicapra
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| Binomial name | |
| Rupicapra rupicapra | |
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| Holocene distribution of the chamois | |
| Synonyms | |
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Capra rupicapra Linnaeus, 1758 | |
The chamois (/ˈʃæmwɑː/)[citation needed] (Rupicapra rupicapra) or Alpine chamois is a species of goat-antelope native to the mountains in Southern Europe, from the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, the Dinarides, the Tatra to the Carpathian Mountains, the Balkan Mountains, the Rila–Rhodope massif, Pindus, the northeastern mountains of Turkey, and the Caucasus.[1] It has also been introduced to the South Island of New Zealand. Some subspecies of chamois are strictly protected in the EU under the European Habitats Directive.[2]
Description
The chamois is a very small bovid. A fully grown chamois reaches a height of 70–80 cm (28–31 in) and measures 107–137 cm (42–54 in).[3] Males, which weigh 30–60 kg (66–132 lb), are slightly larger than females, which weigh 25–45 kg (55–99 lb).[3] Both males and females have short, straightish horns which are hooked backwards near the tip, the horn of the male being thicker. In summer, the fur has a rich brown colour which turns to a light grey in winter. Distinct characteristics are white contrasting marks on the sides of the head with pronounced black stripes below the eyes, a white rump and a black stripe along the back.[citation needed]
Biology and behaviour
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Female chamois and their young live in herds of up to 15 to 30 individuals; adult males tend to live solitarily for most of the year.
During the rut (late November/early December in Europe, May in New Zealand), males engage in fierce battles for the attention of unmated females. An impregnated female undergoes a gestation period of 170 days, after which a single kid is usually born in May or early June. On rare occasions, twins may be born.[3] If a mother is killed, other females in the herd may try to raise the young.[4]
Kids are weaned at six months of age and is fully grown by one year of age, but do not reach sexual maturity until they are three to four years old, although some females may mate at as early two years old.[3] At sexual maturity, young males are forced out of their mother's herds by dominant males (who sometimes kill them), to wander somewhat nomadically until they can establish themselves as mature breeding specimens at eight to nine years of age.[4]
Chamois eat various types of vegetation, including highland grasses and herbs during the summer and conifers, barks and needles from trees in winter. Primarily diurnal in activity, they often rest around mid-day and may actively forage during moonlit nights.[3]
Chamois can reach an age of 22 years in captivity, although the average recorded age in the wild ranges from 15 to 17 years. Common causes of mortality can include avalanches, epidemics and predation. In the past, the principal predators were Eurasian lynxes, Persian leopards and Golden Jackal, gray wolves, and possibly brown bears and golden eagles, but humans are now the main predators of chamois.[3] Chamois usually use speed and stealthy evasion to escape predators and can run at 50 km/h (31 mph) and can jump 2 m (6 ft 7 in) vertically into the air or over a distance of 6 m (20 ft).[4]
Distribution and habitat
The chamois is native to the Pyrenees, the mountains of south and central Europe, Turkey, and the Caucasus. It lives in precipitous, rugged, rocky terrain at moderately high elevations of up to at least 3,600 m (11,800 ft). In Europe, the chamois spends the summer months in alpine meadows above the tree line, but moves to elevations of around 800 m (2,600 ft) to spend the winter in pine-dominated forests.[citation needed]
In New Zealand
Alpine chamois arrived in New Zealand in 1907 as a gift from the Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph I in exchange for specimens of living ferns, rare birds and lizards. Albert E. L. Bertling, formerly head keeper of the Zoological Society's Gardens, Regent's Park, London, accepted an invitation from the New Zealand Government to deliver a consignment of chamois (two bucks and six does) to the colony. They arrived in Wellington, New Zealand, on 23 January 1907, on board SS Turakina. From Wellington the chamois were transhipped to the Manaroa and conveyed to Lyttelton, then by rail to Fairlie in South Canterbury and a four-day horse trek to Mount Cook. The first surviving releases were made in the Aoraki / Mount Cook region and these animals gradually spread over much of the South Island.[5][6]
In New Zealand, chamois hunting is unrestricted and even encouraged by the Department of Conservation to limit the animal's impact on New Zealand's native alpine flora.[6][7]
New Zealand chamois tend to weigh about 20% less than European individuals of the same age, suggesting that food supplies may be limited.[8]
Taxonomy
The species R. rupicapra is categorized into seven subspecies:
| Image | Subspecies | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| R. r. asiatica (Anatolian chamois or Turkish chamois) | Turkey | |
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R. r. balcanica (Balkan chamois) | Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, northern Greece (the Pindus Mountains),[9] North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Slovenia (isolated populations)[10] |
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R. r. carpatica (Carpathian chamois) | Romania |
| R. r. cartusiana (Chartreuse chamois) | France | |
| R. r. caucasica (Caucasian chamois) | Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia | |
 |
R. r. rupicapra (Alpine chamois) | Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Slovenia,[10] Slovakia (Veľká Fatra, Slovak Paradise) and New Zealand (introduced).[11] |
.JPG) |
R. r. tatrica (Tatra chamois) | Slovakia (Tatras and Low Tatras) and Poland (Tatras) |
Hunting and wildlife management
As their meat is considered tasty,[12] chamois are popular game animals. Chamois have two traits that are exploited by hunters: the first is that they are most active in the morning and evening when they feed; the second is that they tend to look for danger originating from below, which means that a hunter stalking chamois from above is less likely to be observed and more likely to be successful.[13]
The tuft of hair from the back of the neck, the gamsbart (chamois "beard"), is traditionally worn as a decoration on hats throughout the alpine countries.
Chamois leather
Chamois leather, traditionally made from the hide of the chamois, is very smooth and absorbent and is favoured in cleaning, buffing, and polishing because it produces no scratching. Modern chamois leather may still be made from chamois hides, but hides of deer or domestic goats or sheep are much more commonly used.[citation needed]
Chamois fabric
An artificial fabric known as "chamois" is made variously from cotton flannel, PVA, viscose, and other materials with similar qualities. It is napped to produce a plush surface similar to moleskin or chamois leather.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ a b Anderwald, P.; Ambarli, H.; Avramov, S.; Ciach, M.; Corlatti, L.; Farkas, A.; Papaioannou, H.; Peters, W.; Sarasa, M.; Šprem, N.; Weinberg, P. & Willisch, C. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Rupicapra rupicapra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39255A195863093. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39255A195863093.en. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ "EUR-Lex – 31992L0043 – EN". eur-lex.europa.eu.
- ^ a b c d e f Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). Mammals of Europe. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09160-9.
- ^ a b c Gunderson, D. "Rupicapra rupicapra". Animal Diversity Web.
- ^ "A Note on the Chamois in New Zealand at New Zealand Ecological Society" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Recreational hunting in Nelson/Marlborough – Chamois at the Department of Conservation" (PDF).
- ^ "Heritage Preservation (p. 40 and 45) at the Department of Conservation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
- ^ "Trophy Chamois Buck Hunting New Zealand Free Range Safari Park Record Horns". Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
- ^ Current status of the Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) in Greece: Implications for conservation at Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Archived April 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Mineral Supply and Fertility of Chamois" (PDF).
- ^ "Introduced Ungulates in New Zealand — (c) Chamois". Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ Tschohl, Christl. "Chamois goulosh: wild on wild". Montafan.at. Montafon Tourismus GmbH. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- ^ "Beginners Chamois Hunting Guide".
External links
- ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System) report for the species Chamois
- New Zealand Chamois and their distribution in New Zealand
- Chamois is the logo for the French ski manufacturer – Duret Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Texts on Wikisource:
- "Chamois". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Chamois". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
