Princess is a title used by a female member of a monarch's family or by a female ruler. The male equivalent is a prince (from Latinprinceps, meaning principal citizen). Most often, the term has been used for the consort of a prince, or for the daughter of a monarch. A crown princess can be the heir apparent to the throne or the spouse of the heir apparent.
Princess as a substantive title
Some princesses are reigning monarchs of principalities. There have been fewer instances of reigning princesses than reigning princes, as most principalities excluded women from inheriting the throne. An example of a princess regnant is Constance of Antioch, princess regnant of Antioch in the 12th century.[3] Since the president of France, an office for which women are eligible, is ex-officio a co-prince of Andorra, then Andorra could theoretically be jointly ruled by a princess.
For many centuries, the title "princess" was not regularly used for a monarch's daughter, who, in English, might simply be called "Lady". Old English had no female equivalent of "prince", "earl", or any other royal or noble title aside from queen. Royal women were simply addressed or referred to as "The Lady [Firstname]". For example, Mary and Elizabeth, daughters of Henry VIII of England, were often simply referred to as "the Ladies Mary and Elizabeth".[4] This practice, however, was not consistent. In the marriage contract between Prince George of Denmark and Anne, daughter of James II of England, Anne is referred to as "The Princess Anne".[5]
Practice in Britain began to change in the 18th century. After the accession of King George I to the British throne, the children, grandchildren, and male-line great-grandchildren of the British sovereign were automatically titled "Prince or Princess of Great Britain and Ireland" and styled "Royal Highness" (in the case of children and grandchildren) or "Highness" (in the case of male line great-grandchildren). Queen Victoria confirmed this practice in letters patent dated 30 January 1864 (the first Act of the Prerogative dealing with the princely title in general terms). On 31 December 2012, Queen Elizabeth II issued letters patent enabling all children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales to enjoy the princely title and style of "Royal Highness", as opposed to only the eldest son.[6][7]
Wives of princes
In European countries, a woman who marries a prince will almost always become a princess, but a man who marries a princess will almost never become a prince, unless specifically created so. From 1301 onward, the eldest sons of the kings of England (and later Great Britain and the United Kingdom) have generally been created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, and their wives have been titled Princess of Wales.[8]
In some cases, "princess" is used as a term of endearment to express love for a woman. For example, throughout the 1997 film Life Is Beautiful the protagonist Guido calls his beloved Dora "principessa", Italian for "princess".
^Sture Arnell: Karin Månsdotter, Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm 1951.
^Lars-Olof Larsson (in Swedish): Arvet efter Gustav Vasa (The Inheritance of Gustav Vasa)
^Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades: The kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100-1187. Vol. II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 507. ISBN9780521347716.
^Camden, William (1688). The History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth Late Queen of England (4th ed.). London, UK: M. Flesher. p. 5.
^Douglas, David C., ed. (2006) [1966]. English Historical Documents, 1660-1714. London, UK: ROUTLEDGE. ISBN9780415143714.
^Given-Wilson, Chris, ed. (2010). Fourteenth Century England. Vol. VI. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. p. 131. ISBN9781843835301.
^Bisgaard, Lars; Kragsig Jensen, Mogens, eds. (2012). Danmarks Adels Årbog 2009-11 [Yearbook of the Danish Nobility] (99 ed.). Dansk Adelsforening. p. 159. OCLC464149655.
Princesse est un titre attribué soit à l'épouse d'un prince, soit à la fille d'un roi ou d'un autre souverainrégnant, soit à la souveraine d'une principauté. Il s'agit de l'équivalent féminin de prince (du latin princeps « premier », sous-entendu le premier des citoyens).
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