Gregorio Allegri

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Gregorio Allegri

Gregorio Allegri (c. 14 January 1582 – 17 February 1652)[1][2] was an Italian Catholic priest and composer of the Roman School and brother of Domenico Allegri; he was also a singer. He was born[3] and died in Rome. He is chiefly known for his Miserere for two choirs.

Life

He studied music as a puer (boy chorister) at San Luigi dei Francesi, under the maestro di cappella Giovanni Bernardino Nanino, brother of Giovanni Maria Nanino. Being intended for the Church, he obtained a benefice in the cathedral of Fermo. Here he composed a large number of motets and other sacred music, which, being brought to the notice of Pope Urban VIII, obtained for him an appointment in the choir of the Sistine Chapel at Rome as a contralto. He held this from 6 December 1629 until his death. Allegri is said to have been a virtuous man, as well as good-natured and generous to the poor and to prisoners.[4][5]

Among Allegri's musical compositions were two volumes of concerti for five voices published in 1618 and 1619; two volumes of motets for six voices published in 1621; an edition of a four-part sinfonia; five masses; two settings of the Lamentations of Jeremiah; and numerous motets which were not published in his lifetime. He was one of the earliest composers for stringed instruments, and Athanasius Kircher has given one specimen of this class of his works in his Musurgia Universalis.[4] Most of Allegri's published music, especially the instrumental music, is in the progressive early Baroque concertato style. However, his work for the Sistine Chapel is descended from the Palestrina style, and in some cases strips even this refined, simple style of almost all localised ornamentation. He is credited with the earliest string quartet.[6]

The Miserere

Main article: Miserere (Allegri)
Miserere Mei, Deus
Performed by Ensamble Escénico Vocal at the Tlaxcala City Cathedral, Mexico, November 2021
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By far the best-known and regarded piece of music composed by Allegri is the Miserere mei, Deus, a setting of Vulgate Psalm 50 (= Psalm 51). It is written for two choirs, the one of five and the other of four voices, and has obtained considerable celebrity. One of the choirs sings a simple fauxbourdon based on the original plainsong chant for the Tonus peregrinus; the other choir sings a similar fauxbourdon with pre-existing elaborations and the use of cadenzas. The Miserere has for many years been sung annually during Holy Week in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Many have cited this work as an example of the stile antico (old style) or prima pratica (first practice). However, its emphasis on polychoral techniques certainly put it out of the range of prima pratica. A more accurate comparison would be to the works of Giovanni Gabrieli.

The Miserere is one of the most often-recorded examples of late Renaissance music, although it was actually written during the chronological confines of the Baroque era; in this regard it is representative of the music of the Roman School of composers, who were stylistically conservative. The work acquired a considerable reputation for mystery and inaccessibility between the time of its composition and the era of modern recording; the Vatican, wanting to preserve its aura of mystery, forbade copies, threatening any publication or attempted copy with excommunication.[7][8] They were not prepared, however, for a special visit in 1770 from a 14-year-old named Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who, on a trip to Rome with his father, heard it but twice and transcribed it faithfully from memory, thus creating the first known unauthorised copy. However, there is evidence that copies of the work that pre-date Mozart's visit to Rome in 1770 had already been circulating in Europe, and Mozart may have heard the piece performed in London in 1764 or 1765 as well.[9]

In 1771 Mozart's copy was procured and published in England by the famous traveller and music historian Dr Charles Burney.[10] However, Burney's edition does not show the ornamentation for which the work was famous.

The music as it is performed today includes a strange error by a copyist in the 1880s. The curious "trucker's gear change" from G minor to C minor is because the second half of the verse is the same as the first half, but transposed up a fourth. The original never had a Top C.[11]

The entire music performed at Rome in Holy Week, Allegri's Miserere included, has been issued at Leipzig by Breitkopf and Härtel. Interesting accounts of the impression produced by the performance at Rome may be found in the first volume of Felix Mendelssohn's letters and in Miss Taylor's Letters from Italy.[4]

References

  1. ^ Gregorio Allegri classical.net, 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  2. ^ Most contemporary sources give these dates; Chisholm (1911) gives year of birth as "either in 1560 or 1585" and death as 18 February 1652.
  3. ^ "Allegri, Gregorio" in Chambers's Encyclopædia. London: George Newnes, 1961, Vol. 1, p. 271.
  4. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Allegri, Gregorio". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 690.
  5. ^ "In addition to his virtue, he had singularly good nature. He gave generous alms to the poor, who were always on his doorstep, as well as to prisoners, whom he visited daily, as I was assured by one of his pupils, a man worthy of belief, who is still alive." (Era anco aggiunta alla sua virtù una singolar bontà di costumi. Tanto a i poveri, che aveva sempre alla sua porta di Casa, quanto a i carcerati, che quotidianamente visitava, faceva larghe limosine, come mi ha attestato un suo scolare ancor vivente Uomo degno d'ogni credito), Andrea Adami, Osservazioni per ben regolare il coro della cappella pontificia, Antonio de' Rossi, Roma, 1711, pp. 199–200.
  6. ^ Hull, A. Eaglefield; Allegri, Gregorio (1929). "The Earliest Known String-Quartet". The Musical Quarterly. 15 (1): 72–XI. doi:10.1093/mq/XV.1.72. ISSN 0027-4631. JSTOR 738307.
  7. ^ Rose, Terez (2017-09-30). "The Day Mozart Stole Music From the Vatican". The Imaginative Conservative. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  8. ^ Newton-Rex, Ed (2019-11-29). "The story of Allegri's Miserere". Re / verb. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  9. ^ For new information on this episode, see Ilias Chrissochoidis, "London Mozartiana: Wolfgang's disputed age & early performances of Allegri's Miserere", The Musical Times, vol. 151, no. 1911 (Summer 2010), 83–89.
  10. ^ Chisholm 1911.
  11. ^ ed. Rutter, J. European Sacred Music. OUP 1996

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